---

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

Hello out there. As you may or may not know, I was elected your new president by an overwhelming vote of 40. Let's all stand up and be counted at the next election!

We are looking forward to the Annual Meeting in February. Ken Pauley has been working like a trooper getting the doings organized. For the upcoming meetings, the presentation format will be changed a bit, at your request. Please let us know what you think of it. Everyone please come to San Fernando--the more the merrier.

Our Board of Directors and officers has met twice this year. At the last meeting we hammered out the revised by-laws. They will be available at the Annual Meeting for your approval.

See you in February at Mission San Fernando!

Your humble servant
Gil Sanchez
Santa Cruz, California

President - Gil Sanchez
Vice President - Harry Kelsey
Secretary - Daryl Allen
Treasurer - Frank Ducey

WELCOME!....

We welcome you to the second issue of the 1987 CMSA Newsletter.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank the membership for its support. Without your research and writing talents we would be unable to organize such an interesting Newsletter for everyone's enlightenment on current Mission research. See you in San Fernando-1988.

California Mission Studies Association, 5th Annual Conference
Mission San Fernando Rey de España
February 5-7, 1988
INVITATION

This is an invitation to all members of the CMSA and others interested in the California Missions or Hispanic California to attend and/or participate in the 1988 Annual CMSA Conference.

The conference registration fee is $20.00. This includes papers, workshops, and receptions. There is no extra charge for workshops. The Saturday night Banquet is $15.00 and includes your choice of Top Sirloin steak or Grilled Halibut for dinner. And, of course, your annual dues for 1988 CMSA membership are $10.00. This is a small price to pay for a quality program!

CALL FOR PAPERS

For those of you wishing to make presentations at the conference, please send a title and brief description of your talk or workshop and your registration form by December 20, 1987 to: Kenneth Pauley, 1988 CMSA Conference, 354 S. Miraleste Dr. #320, San Pedro, CA 90732. Presentations will be limited to 20 minutes and workshops to 45 minutes. If you have any questions or need additional information, you may write to the above address or call (day) (213) 5123544 or (evenings) (213) 831-4020.

TENTATIVE PROGRAM

Fri., February 5th
3:00 - 6:00pm	Registration, Mission San Fernando Quadrangle. Tour of Mission San Fernando Rey de España and guide through the Archdiocese Archives
6:00 - 7:00pm	Wine Reception, Lasuen Hall
7:00 - 8:00pm	Welcoming addresses in the San Fernando Mission Church Msgr. Francis J. Weber, Introduction; Mayor Tom Bradley, Los Angeles; Councilman Ernani Bernardi, Mission Hills; Dr. W. Michael Mathes, Keynote Speaker: "The California Missions- A Continuous Process for over Three Centuries."
Sat., February 6th
8:30-Noon	Presentation of Papers
1:30-3:00pm	Presentation of Papers continues
3:15-5:00pm	Workshops
4:30-6:00pm	Pastors' Round Table Discussion, Mission Archives
5:30-7:00pm	Rap-session and No Host Bar at Mission Hills Inn
7:00pm	Banquet in the Banquet Room of the Mission Hills Inn. Speaker, Msgr. Francis J. Weber: "Caskets, Cadavers and Tombstones."
Sun., February 7th
9:00-10:00am	Executive Board Meeting
10:00-11:00am	Mass, Mission San Fernando Rey de España Church
11:00-noon	Farewell Coffee Treat-Andres Pico Adobe

SANTA ELENA

by
Sgt. Lee J. Tibbetts

In April of 1566, Spanish commander Menendez de Aviles arrived at Port Royal Sound. After talking to the chief of the Orista Indians, he decided to build Fort San Felipe I and the town of Santa Elena on Parris Island. Fort Felipe II was built after the original burned in 1570, but its precise location remained a mystery until South's excavation in 1979.

Around 1575, Pedro Menendez de Marques, Menendez's nephew, arrived and built Fort Marcos and expanded Santa Elena.

During the next 10 years, Fort San Marcos underwent several modifications and due to deterioration, San Marcos II was built. In 1586, the entire fort had a moat and outer wooden stockade added along two artillery towers. This was San Marcos III.

Sir Francis Drake threatened the coast in 1587 and caused the final abandonment of Santa Elena. The Spanish chose to concentrate on their St. Augustine effort instead.

Thanks to the efforts by Marine Maj. George Osterhaut in 1923, Santa Elena clearly establishes Parris Island as the site of the oldest Spanish settlement on the east coast. One year after the settlement of St. Augustine, but 41 years earlier than the settlement of Jamestown in Virginia.

Condensed from The Boot, June 26, 1987. Submitted by Frank D. Ducey.

MISSION SANTA CRUZ

Since 1979-1980, community groups and individuals affiliated with the Adobe Coalition/Santa Cruz Mission Fiesta/Parade have actively sought restoration of the Santa Cruz Mission Adobe/development of Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park. Restoration of the adobe is now funded, proceeding, and scheduled for completion in 1988. The fourth and final phase of the project consisting of 1) restrooms; 2) parking lot to replace the spaces lost on School Street to the restoration; 3) fencing and landscaping including the facilities to accommodate school programs, has been put off until 1989-1990!

For more information contact Edna Kimbro, 1351 N. Branciforte Ave., Santa Cruz, CA 95065.

SAMPLES NEEDED

We are interested in obtaining small samples (2+ grams) of human bone from Mission Period collections for isotopic dietary analysis. Please contact Dr. Philip Walker at (805) 961-2236 or through the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.

FOR THE CAUSE OF FR. JUNÍPERO SERRA

by
Rev. Noel Francis Moholy, O.F.M., S.I.D.

In the course of his recent tour through the Southern and Western United States, John Paul II did all but beatify Padre Junípero Serra. On Monday, September 15, 1987, the Roman Pontiff met with the gathering of some ten to fifteen thousand Native Americans assembled in Phoenix. In the course of his remarks, outlining the positive elements of the Mission system while acknowledging faults and failures, he singled out the Apostle of California:

One priest who deserves special mention among the missionaries is the beloved Fr. Junípero Serra, who traveled throughout Lower and Upper California. He had frequent clashes with the civil authorities over the treatment of Indians. In 1773, he presented to the viceroy in Mexico City a representation, which is sometimes termed a "Bill of Rights for Indians." The church had long been convinced of the need to protect them from exploitation.

Both Sister Boniface and Father Noel Francis joined the Indians, who were praying before the cemetery at Mission San Carlos Borromeo. The local paper, the Monterey Herald, summarized the historic occurrence. The principals, both for and against, Serra's canonization "prayed aloud for human unity, understanding and forgiveness." Upon the conclusion of the encounter, the Vice Postulator embraced all the natives present. The encounter between Chequesh Auh-Ho-Oh and Noel Francis Moholy was particularly warm and cordial.

This was the first time the two sides have met and embraced. It is the Serra cause's gesture towards healing with the hope that differences might be resolved in prayer and blessing.

Precisely where does the Serra cause now stand? One legal process remains to be completed. The dossier concerning the cure of Sister Boniface Dryda must be presented to a plenary session of the officials of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Once that process shall have been completed with favorable action, the entire matter progresses to the Apostolic Palace. Then the matter is entirely at the disposition of the vicar of Christ, who alone pronounces upon the authenticity of the miracle and decides upon the matter of Beatification of our confrere and the Founder of the Province of Santa Barbara, which Serra styled "the Province of California, the daughter of San Fernando College."

When will all this transpire? Even without the charism of prophesy the Vice Postulator believes that all will transpire within the year. Since a papal visit is projected for the Isle of Mallorca during 1988, Father Moholy is proposing that the beatification be incorporated into that tour.

WANTED...

... people interested in preserving mission peach trees. These trees are descendants of peach trees originally grown in the orchard at Mission San Buenaventura. Ellen Mosley's grandfather (a former mayor of Ventura) started his trees from peach pits from the mission orchard and Ellen's trees were propagated from seed given to her by her grandfather (yes-these trees have been breeding true!). Ellen has six full size mature trees and would like to share cuttings or seed with anyone who is interested. The peaches are about 3 inches in diameter, semi-free-stone, and are very good for eating, canning or drying. The peaches ripen in late September so they definitely are an uncommon variety. For further information contact: Ellen Mosley, 187 Westridge Drive, Portola Valley, CA 94025. Phone (415) 854-6831

MISSION ARCHAEOLOGY

Mission San Juan Capistrano: For the ninth consecutive season, Chapman College students participated in archaeological excavations at Mission San Juan Capistrano. This summer's project was the Great Stone Church, with research focusing on the portico area. A survey with transit was made to determine floor levels and wall alignments.

Two interesting features were found which are currently undergoing further research; one was the uncovering of a dressed stone floor in the portico, and the other concerns a sudden drop and tilt in the floor level which occurs at the joining of the portico and the nave. This finding is discussed further in the "Continuing Earthquake Saga" in this issue.

Students were able to assist actively in research on an important historical resource, and in addition, to work on such related items as cleaning, preservation, and cataloguing artifacts unearthed during the excavation process. Term papers were assigned that required research and descriptions of specific categories of artifacts.

Mission San Antonio de Padua: Cal Poly State University has completed its twelfth year of excavation at Mission San Antonio de Padua in southern Monterey County. This year, work commenced on the 1819 wing, which served as a community kitchen and residence for the single men. This structure was discontinuous with the married neophyte dormitory to the north, the intervening space being used for refuse disposal. The building was approximately five meters in width, consisting of the usual cobble foundations surmounted by unfired adobe bricks. There were few roof tiles, as most had been removed in the 1840s by Mariano Soberanes for his ranch. The interior of the northeast corner of the building contained two rows of complete roof tiles that had been stacked vertically in preparation for removal.

A second nearby area of excavation revealed the actual kitchen, including a low range of unfired adobe bricks topped by fired ladrillos. Such stoves had depressions for holding pots and pans and internal firing chambers. There was a large ash feature in front of the stove where the chambers were periodically swept out and recharged. In defining the entire internal dimensions of the kitchen, a large stone metate, an iron griddle, charred plant remains, and several baked clay effigies were recovered. The excavation may represent the first Spanish stove of this type to be archaeologically excavated in California. Work will continue on this feature in future years.

Mission Soledad Archaeological Project: This summer saw the fifth and final season of excavations at Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (founded 1791), Monterey County, California, directed by Dr. Paul Farnsworth of the University of California, Los Angeles. Assisted by volunteers, participants in the University Research Expeditions Program (UREP), the social service crew from the Correctional Training Facility, Soledad, and four years of UCLA summer session field schools taught by Dr. Douglas V. Armstrong, currently at Syracuse University, the project has undertaken a thorough historical and archaeological study of the Mission.

The project included an extensive documentary, research program working from primary Spanish records, a search for pictorial records of the Mission, and the collection of oral histories relating to the Mission and its surrounding region. Most effort was expended in field archaeology, including an extensive surface and subsurface sampling survey of the area around the existing central quadrangle, leading to limited testing of the neophytes' barracks, long since destroyed but surviving below ground in the plowed fields adjacent to the Mission. Also excavated was the only surviving portion of the Mission's once extensive aqueduct system, located just outside the central quadrangle. However, most of the excavation effort was directed to the complete excavation of the Mission quadrangle's west wing, which currently lies in ruins. The current season's work completed this objective.

The documentary evidence is ambiguous about the functions of the two buildings which comprised the west wing, and even the records of their construction are missing, falling between 1799 and 1809, for which the Mission's annual reports are lost. The excavation uncovered evidence of multiple building phases and the locations of the Mission's blacksmith, grist mill, main gateway, and kitchen in this wing, in addition to at least six other rooms whose functions could not be clearly defined. It is hoped that through the use of an 1834 inventory, giving room functions and sizes, that it will now be possible to deduce the functions of these rooms at that time. Also excavated were the padres' privy and a series of garbage pits dating to the Mission's early years, which promise to provide detailed information on diet at the Mission during that time. In addition, considerable evidence of early structures buried beneath the later buildings was uncovered, further expanding our knowledge of the Mission's earliest and least well-documented phases.

The results of the first four seasons' research are discussed in the Ph.D. dissertation by Paul Farnsworth, The Economics of Acculturation in the California Missions: A Historical and Archaeological Study of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, and are incorporated into a model relating the acculturation of the California Indians to changing Spanish colonial economic goals. An excavation report incorporating the current season's data is to be published through the Institute of Archaeology at UCLA.

Mission Santa Clara: Santa Clara University's ongoing investigations of the third site of the mission (1780-1820) were very successful during the summer of 1987. David R. Huelsbeck and a crew of 20 professionals, students, and volunteers located and sampled several previously undiscovered mission structures. These include: a mission canal; the orchard wall; the orchardist's house; another building; and two rock-lined basins.

The orchardist's house (identified by documentary evidence) measures 17 x 11 m. One half of the building is divided into four small rooms. Augering failed to locate an interior wall in the other side of the building but the floor deposit differs greatly from one end of the building to the other. The other newly discovered building has not yet been identified. It is more than 25 m long and about 5 m wide. The building has two superimposed adobe floors throughout and at least part of one room was floored with fired tile. Most of the tiles were removed, possibly when many of the buildings at this site were abandoned after the 1818 earthquake.

One of the rock-lined basins has been completely exposed, the other partially exposed. The first measures 2.5 x 3 m, and the second probably is similar in size and shape based on a ground-penetrating radar survey of the area. together. One basin is floored with fired tiles and the other is floored with large sandstone cobbles covered with mortar and small siltstone chips. The walls of the basins once extended above the surface of the ground to an undetermined height. The walls were knocked down and the basins were filled with trash during the mission period. The siltstone is very porous, of freshwater origin, and is associated with diatomaceous earth deposits. The basins are located near the mission canal and may be associated with tanning or fulling. (Anyone with pertinent information or opinions is encouraged to contact Dave Huelsbeck at the Department of Anthropology-Sociology, They are set in shallow pits (0.5 m deep) and are walled with apparently unshaped siltstone blocks mortared Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053).

Materials recovered during the summer include faunal remains, beads, an assortment of local and imported ceramics, and large quantities of charred plant remains, including seeds. Analysis of the summer's data will begin in the fall.

The public outreach efforts of the project also were very successful this year. Media coverage included two newspaper feature stories, and two television news stories. Free public tours were conducted on six Saturdays for a total of almost 500 visitors, and the project received more than 50 person days of volunteer labor.

ARCHIVAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MISSION COLLECTIONS OF HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES

Part III of a series by
George R. Jamgochian, Ph.D.

This third part in the series Preserving History for Museum Archives through Photography offers guidelines and makes recommendations that can assist mission personnel with their valuable but all too perishable collections of color photography. Age, light, and heat all take their toll on color photographs and color slide transparencies. One has only to examine color prints and slide sets taken 2 years ago to observe beginning signs of color deterioration. A reddish cast or hue to prints and as well as an overall fading of color are all fairly common conditions. Since color photography is more perishable than its black and white counterpart, this topic will be given higher priority. Preservation of black and white photography will be the subject of a separate article in the series.

ARCHIVAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY

The technical data in this section has been gathered from technical bulletins published by the Eastman Kodak Company. Their bulletins point producing and protecting color images on graphic materials demands the same care and attention as does the protection of any valuable object

Film or paper, before or during its use, must be treated with care so that one can obtain the best possible results. After an image is produced, the finished color negative, slide, or print must be stored or displayed according to recommended guidelines in order to achieve long-term stability.

STORAGE AND USE OF UNPROCESSED COLOR MATERIALS

Film should be used before the expiration date. Relative Humidity or RH is another factor. An RH of 60 percent or higher is damaging to the package over long periods of time. Frost-free refrigerators generally have low humidity. Both unexposed and exposed film should be kept in a cool place. Kodak film intended for professional use should always be stored under refrigeration.

Once the sealed envelope has been opened, the materials should be used as soon as possible. If the package has been stored in a refrigerator, it should be allowed to warm up to room temperature before opening it up.

KEEPING THE LATENT IMAGE

Once the color film or paper has had its exposure use, it is important to minimize any latent-image changes. The best way to protect the recorded image is to process the film as soon as possible after exposure. When delay is unavoidable, store the film in a scaled container in the refrigerator.

KEEPING COLOR NEGATIVES

Kodak reminds us that of all the color products, processed color negatives are the most neglected when it comes to storage. Color images change even when stored in the dark. Color negatives intended for future use must be afforded the same careful attention to storage as other photographic images.

Negatives should be cleaned before storage with a film cleaner to remove possible fingerprints, dirt, or dust. Since dyes are affected by light, negatives must be stored in a dark place. Metal is better than wood or plastic for a storage contained as discussed in a previous section dealing with black and white print storage. Long-term storage for archival standards should be at 0º F with an RH between 30 and 35 percent. Freezer storage is the method of choice. According to a Kodak report, no dye changes occur under this type of storage.

Kodak also recommends the use of special storage envelopes for processed film. The envelopes are made of laminated polyethylene, aluminum, and paper. They act as a moisture-proof barrier, thus keeping the total amount of water in the film material constant.

When new prints or enlargements are required from these master negatives, heat-absorbing glass should always be kept between the lamp and the negative. This will prevent physical damage to the film.

PRESERVATION OF COLOR SLIDES AND LARGE TRANSPARENCIES

Since mission public outreach and orientation programs make extensive use of color slides for their presentations, the following guidelines may be of greater significance than some of the other topics covered. Kodachrome film is probably the best archival color slide film obtainable today. The second choice for long-lasting dark storage of original slides is Ektachrome film. The interesting feature here is that Ektachrome will withstand the effects of light better than Kodachrome. Whether for projection or display, the duplication of original slides into additional sets for active use will spare the originals hard usage.

As with other photographic materials, protective mounts and sleeves should be used on transparencies. Metal storage containers should be used. Transparencies in their trays should be kept in a dark, cool, dry place and away from any atmospheric contaminants. The mission staff should protect their slide sets from heat, light, and humidity. For long life the original or master sets of slides should be stored in the dark at 0º F or lower and at an RH factor between 30 and 35 percent.

Original slides or transparencies should not be subjected to prolonged or repeated projections. The same conditions hold true for the display of larger transparencies. For display purposes always use duplicates of the valuable originals. The originals can be stored under optimum conditions. Insect damage to color film must be controlled. Fungus growth can occur if there is any separation in the lacquer coating on slides.

PRESERVING COLOR PRINTS

Many factors, such as light, humidity and atmospheric contaminants can affect the life of a color print. Prints under continuous display are likely to change. The dye transfer process yields the most stable prints. Whenever archival preservation is required, this process should be specified,

Archival storage requires prints be kept at reduced temperatures. Small prints should be sealed in Kodak Storage Envelopes before refrigerating them. Large color prints can be protected from moisture by using wraps of aluminum foil and sealing them with plastic electrical tape.

Kodak also has special guidance in mounting and displaying color prints. Prints that are handled frequently should be protected with the proper transparent material. Framed prints can be protected with glass or rigid plastic, such as UF-3 Plexiglas, which absorbs ultra-violet radiation. As with black and white prints, a slight separation between the prints and the glass should be maintained. Extra prints should be made at the same time and stored in a cool, dark place and then can be substituted as needed.

Even the type of mounting board used can affect archival life. High quality acid-free mounting board is essential. Archival grade board is available from some photographic supply houses. Two sources are: Light Impressions, Rochester, New York, and Dallas Division of the Technical Library Service, New York City, New York.

PRESENT PLANS FOR PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION
AT MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO

by
Frank E. Reynolds

After the earthquake that occurred in the Pacific Ocean off of Oceanside, California in July, 1986, minor damage was observed in some of the masonry structures at the Mission. An inspection of the Mission was performed in October, 1986, by an Orange County Structural Engineer who specializes in the study of the safety and stability of old buildings and structures.

As a result of the inspection, it has been decided to perform a comprehensive study that would develop methods of preventive remedial work necessary to preserve all the structures from further deterioration. A second phase of the plan is to develop the permanent corrective work required to restore specific portions to usable condition.

Presently the study would begin early in 1988 and would set as the first priority the preservation of the existing structures from future deterioration. The structure of most concern is the Old Stone Church which was destroyed by an earthquake in 1812 and had its last major repair done in 1910. A Master Plan for future restoration will follow and should be completed by the end of 1988.

THE CONTINUING EARTHQUAKE SAGA:
THE GREAT STONE CHURCH
AND THE EARTHQUAKE OF 1812,
AN INFORMAL REPORT

by
Harry Francisco

The Great Stone Church is unique to California and probably to North American architecture. It was started in 1797 and was built of undressed field stone and mortar. During mass on December 8,1812, a massive earthquake struck, demolishing a major part of the structure and killing 40 people. According to reports, the bell tower rocked twice and fell into the Nave, crushing the domed roof.

THE EARTHQUAKE

Earthquakes have long been noted as a feature of the California environment. The Portola Expedition, the first land exploration into Alta California, noted on July 28,1769, a number of terrifying temblors.

There were two earthquakes in 1812. One was on December 8, and was responsible for the destruction of the Great Stone Church. The second occurred around December 21, and was of greater magnitude. Richter gives the magnitude of the December 8 quake at above 7.0 and the later quake as an 8.3. Mason Hill concurs and points out the location by Richter of the epicenter as being to the west of San Juan Capistrano; i.e., in the ocean. The contemporary reports of these quakes may be confused because of the closeness in time, and the long delays in communication common to the times. At any rate, church reports of the damage detail major damage at San Juan Capistrano, San Gabriel, and lesser damage at San Diego, and at Santa Inez, some 200 miles north as the crow flies. Some damage was reported at San Juan Bautista another 100 miles north, but sitting squarely on the San Andreas Fault.

PRESENT RESEARCH

The Great Stone Church is currently the center of considerable attention. During the Summer of 1987 excavations were begun in the Baptistery and Portico areas. In addition, several specialists are conferring regarding stabilization and preservation of the remains. Previous excavation and stabilization work has been done, for example, in 1898 by the Landmark Club, but some of their work had become rusty and ineffective. Preliminary results on this summer's work indicate that a sudden drop and tilt in the floor level occurs at the joining of the Portico with the nave. A survey indicates that the church floor is level within 5 cm for its entire 49 m length, but drops abruptly 14 cm in 1 m at the juncture. This slant continues to the end of the portico, where modern construction interferes with the survey. The remaining walls are remarkably stable, considering the long history of quakes in the area. Research is continuing.

TO ALL MEMBERS--if you have any information on earthquakes and the damage caused to Mission structures, please share your information with us.

References

California Division of Mines and Geology
Geology of the San Juan Capistrano Quadrangle.

Englehardt, Fr. Zephryn.
San Juan Capistrano Mission.
Author/publisher, Los Angeles, CA 1922.

Hallan, Pamela.
Dos Cientos Años en San Juan Capistrano.
Lehman Pub. Co., Irvine, CA. 1975.

Hallan-Gibson, Pamela.
Orange County.
Windsor Publications, Northridge, CA. 1986.

Hill, Mason.
Personal Communications.
Dr. Hill is the geologist who first mapped
the San Andreas Fault and
has since retired as Vice-president of ARCO.
He currently resides in Whittier, California,
and welcomes any discussion on California Geology.

Richter, Carroll. Beginning Seismology. 1955.

RECENT OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING METALWORKING FURNACES AT MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO

Some recent observations concerning the metalworking furnaces at Mission San Juan Capistrano have been made by Dr. T. J. Koppcnaal, an Orange County metallurgist. These observations were presented to the Orange Coast Chapter of ASM (American Society for Metals) International at their monthly meeting on September 16, 1987.

The basis for the new observations was a review of the iron making capabilities of Spain and Mexico in the 16th-18th centuries as reported in Southwest Colonial Ironwork by Simmons and Turley (Museum of New Mexico Press). The standard iron making furnace for that period was the Catalan furnace, named after tile city of Cataluna in Spain where the furnace was developed in the eighth century; this furnace had the capability of reducing iron ore to iron. The Catalan furnace was fabricated with masonry and had the shape of an inverted truncated cone. Air was supplied by bellows and directed through a blast pipe that ran from the top of the furnace downward at an angle to the charcoal inside the hearth. In the sixteenth century, improvements were made, and the air was supplied by using an aspirator powered by water. The Catalan furnace was operational in Mexico by the end of the sixteenth century..

A comparison of the above description fits the metalworking furnaces at Mission San Juan Capistrano in a number of ways. First, the shapes of the furnaces are inverted truncated cones; second, air pipes exist for both furnaces that run from the top downward at an angle to the hearth; and third, there is a water trough at the furnaces that could have been used as the power source for supplying the air to the furnaces (this water supply was previously thought to be for quenching). Considering all these factors along with the general size of the metalworking furnaces and the iron making technology of Spain and Mexico in the eighteenth century, Dr. Koppenaal has concluded that the Capistrano furnaces represent the Catalan design for the possible reduction of iron ore. The reduction of iron ore to iron requires higher temperatures than merely heating iron for the purposes of working (hammering) into a desired shape, and Dr. Koppenaal considers the air supply pipes at the metalworking furnaces to be very important in evaluation of their design function.

Dr. Koppenaal received a Ph.D. in Metallurgy and Materials Science from Northwestern University in 1961 and is the owner of Koppenaal & Associates, an Orange County metallurgical consulting company.

[Editor's note: The value of this interdisciplinary approach to problem solving is quite obvious when we read information of this nature. It is very import that specialists be incorporated into archaeological and historical projects in order to more accurately interpret Mission research problems.]

MISSION SAN JOSE ACQUIRES PIPE ORGAN

by
Kerry Quaid, Curator, Mission San Jose

In 1988, Mission San Jose will become the first of the California missions (as far as we know) to contain a Mexican-Spanish style pipe organ. Although small pipe organs were installed in many Spanish missions in what is now New Mexico, and perhaps even in Baja California, our research shows no organs ever having been installed in the California missions during their active years. (The closest things were the barrel organ at San Juan Bautista, sort of an ancestor of the player-piano; and a French harmonium at Santa Clara.)

Our goal is to build an organ typical of a church the size of ours in Mexico in 1820. In the year 1819, our Pastor and resident composer, Fray Narciso Duran, requested an organ from the Supply Master at the College of San Fernando. Although the organ we are planning is much larger than the humble instrument which Fr. Duran had hoped for, we are following several of the guidelines which he set forth in his request: "that the instrument be of a size commensurate with a church (the size of ours)," that "the organ have pedals to be played with the feet" (a rarity in Spanish organs), and that "the keyboard should have a lock in order that children cannot play with it."

The organ is being built by Manuel Rosales and Company of Los Angeles, who has helped greatly with the research, and who shares our excitement with the project. We hope to be hearing from the organ by next summer.

A CONSUMERS' GUIDE TO MISSION ARCHAEOLOGY

by
Larry Felton

Note: This paper was presented at the CMSA Annual Meeting in Santa Clara, January 31, 1987. It has been condensed for the Newsletter.

BACKGROUND

I have worked as a field archaeologist for the California Department of Parks and Recreation for the past 12 years, concentrating primarily on historic restoration projects. I was originally scheduled to discuss the ongoing archaeological and architectural investigations at Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park today. Since the meetings were first planned, however, I have taken a position with the Department's Museum Collections Management Unit, and am not up to date on the work at the Santa Cruz Mission project. As a consequence, I've decided to step back and take a somewhat broader look at the problems of applying archaeological methods to the California missions. Perhaps somewhat presumptuously, I've entitled this presentation A Consumers' Guide to Mission Archaeology, and hope to be able to provide some insights, based on my past experience and mistakes, into the ways people who manage the mission can become better consumers of archaeological services.

POPULAR IMAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS

The popular images of archaeologists are many and diverse. At the positive pole, archaeologists are often seen as adventurers or detectives probing the vital and universally intriguing secrets while providing historic trivia of little value to anyone except themselves. There is probably at least a kernel of truth to both of these positive and negative public perceptions of archaeology. In trying to sort the realities from the images, it will be helpful to take closer look at what archaeologists really do, and examine realistically the services they can and can't provide.

At the most elementary level, archaeologists investigate and record physical remains of earlier cultures and eras. They are primarily involved with trying to reconstruct sequences of prehistoric or historic events, including the human activities large and small, by which the present buildings, landscapes, and associated artifacts came to be in the condition which we now find them. While archaeologists commonly viewed as dealing exclusively with buried deposits, in practice we are becoming more and more involved in study of above-ground features, including historic buildings. This broader field of study, usually incorporating historians and other related professions as well as archaeologists, is sometimes referred to as "historical sites research" or "cultural resource management."

Within the context of a human lifetime, we often view buildings and landscapes as relatively permanent, unchanging realities. A historical perspective almost inevitably shows much more change than we would commonly have expected. Understanding this process of change is a crucial first step in any restoration effort, not only because it is interesting, but cause the architects, interpreters, and others involved in the planning effort have to make difficult decisions about what to save, what to remove, what to reconstruct, and what to display and interpret. If historical accuracy is a key part of the objective of the project, these decisions must be based on an in-depth understanding of the evolution of the site and the everyday lives of the everyday people who lived there. This is precisely the perspective a good archaeologist can provide.

CMSA MEMBERS AS CONSUMERS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES

It is inevitable that development that will disturb archaeological or architectural resources has and will continue to occur at the California missions. These developments may range from very small scale maintenance work to major restoration, reconstruction, or construction projects. Whatever the scope of the planned development, the historical remains that will be disturbed or destroyed should be documented, as they may prove to provide irreplaceable clues in the larger picture of the history of our missions. Our responsibilities in these matters are based on a number of considerations:

A. ETHICAL- We are the protectors of some of the most precious remnants of California's past. Archaeology is an important tool in discharging our responsibility to preserve these non-renewable remains.

B . LEGAL-PUBLIC LAW AND OPINION- There are presently many local, county, state, and federal laws that deal with the management of historical properties.

C. PRACTICAL CONCERNS- Frequently the results of archaeological studies are required to plan future development projects, as will be discussed at greater length below. Archaeology also frequently captures the public's fancy, and can be used to good effect as a publicity tool. Too often this is not taken advantage of. Used properly, archaeological work can assist in increasing public awareness of your project, perhaps even fund raising.

What is required to be a good consumer of archaeological services?

First, be informed about what archaeologists can and cannot realistically be expected to do for you, and have at least a general understanding of the archaeological processes involved and the product to be produce
[Editor's Note: [This is applicable for all disciplines including History, Art History, and other specialties.]

Second, know legal requirements that might mandate archaeological work as part of the planning and development process.

Third, be able and willing to write a good contract that specifically spells out the product that the archaeologists are to provide and the schedule on which those products are to be delivered.

Fourth, know and be able to guard against some of the pitfalls, problems, and delays inherent to archaeological work.

WHAT ARCHAEOLOGY CAN AND CAN'T DO

Archaeology is often viewed as something of academic interest but of little practical value. Fascination with our heritage is not, however, primarily an academic concern, but is one of great public interest and is an important part of the spiritual life of any community. I suspect that is why most of us are here. Beyond addressing these essentially philosophical concerns, however, I would submit that archaeology is of considerable practical value in many of the projects in which we find ourselves involved. Like any other tools, however, archaeology is good at some tasks and almost worthless for others.

Archaeology is particularly good at defining architectural evolution, as exemplified by Steve Dietz's paper on Mission San Jose and Leo Barker's work on Mission San Juan Bautista. Archaeology is also strong in the study of some details of the everyday lives of everyday people, through the analysis of the artifacts recovered. As such, it can often provide insights not readily forthcoming from traditional historical sources. Dr. Huelsbeck has discussed some the information provided through studies of the artifacts discovered here at Mission Santa Clara.

Archaeology is notoriously weak at providing specific details about individual historic figures, specific historical dates, and events that leave little material remains. Another strength of archaeology is, however, its propensity to generate questions about history that nobody thought to ask previously. Archaeology alone often cannot provide answers to these questions, but in concert with history and other related disciplines can help provide a much fuller vision of the past than can any single discipline alone.

A number of examples of archaeology's strong and weak points can be drawn from the ongoing investigations at Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park. This work is being done as part of the Department's efforts to restore the only remaining building of Mission Santa Cruz. This building is a long neophyte "row house" that is unquestionably the best preserved example of mission-period Native American housing to survive in California. The archaeological and architectural investigations there have revealed fascinating information regarding the existence of otherwise undocumented buildings and construction details of the existing structure. Study of the artifacts has demonstrated the kinds of food and tools used by the native people there, the presence of distinctly native ornaments and fishing methods, and the continued shell bead production within the mission, among others. In spite of this, the archaeological record will probably be forever mute regarding the assassination of Father Quintana by fearful Indians in 1812, the names of Indian children who lived in Room 4, or details of the impact of secularization on the inhabitants.

As a consumer, it is important that you know these strong points and limitations of archaeological methods in order that you aren't sold a bill of goods by an overeager, but less than practical archaeologist, and that you get the best product available for the money you spend.

WHEN DO YOU NEED AN ARCHAEOLOGIST?

Virtually any construction or excavation could expose resources of archaeological significance. This is particularly obvious in the case of major construction projects, but don't forget small scale repairs and the like. Getting archaeologists involved in some of these smaller projects is a good way to begin to build public interest, and to prepare yourself for the day that more major archaeological services are required.

Archaeology should certainly be considered in the earliest phases of any construction planning effort, including modern construction or building renovation, even if only minimal ground disturbing activities are expected. It is unquestionably better to plan for archaeology than to face the inevitable delays that come when trying to insert it into the construction program as an afterthought .

HOW AND WHERE TO FIND THE RIGHT ARCHAEOLOGIST

The local college or university is a good place to start our search for an archaeologist.. Getting the local archaeologist involved in your project can be beneficial for a number of reasons. They will frequently be able to draw students and volunteers into the process, and often have contacts among other local interest groups that can translate into good publicity for your program. The California Mission Studies Directory is another good place to find an archaeologist, as is the listing provided by the Society of Professional Archaeologists (SOPA) and the Society fo California Archaeology (SCA). If you have problems in finding an archaeologist, contact one of the officers of the CMSA; while the organization is not in the business of finding jobs for contract archaeologists, we could certainly put you in contact with likely candidates.

Not all archaeologists are necessarily qualified to undertake your project. In California, there are two major schools of archaeologists; the approaches an expertise of each are often quite different. Prehistoric archaeologists deal primarily with Indian sites. While not always the case, most California Native American sites don't contain substantial architecture remains, and thus require different excavation techniques than do historic building sites. By definition, no historic records are available for prehistoric sites, and as a consequence, many prehistoric archaeologists are not familiar with the written historical record and sometimes are not adept at incorporating photographs, written accounts, oral histories, maps, etc. into the problem solving process.

Historical archaeologists, on the other hand, are generally more experienced at dealing with sites containing architectural remains and historic period artifacts. They are probably more familiar with the available historical documents, although in most cases are NOT professional historians. There are, of course, some individuals qualified in both historic and prehistoric archaeology. Whatever the case, question them closely about their previous experience and ask for references and copies of their reports on prior projects.

In some cases, the talents of both historic an prehistoric archaeologists will be needed. For example, we are finding more Native American artifacts made using traditional methods at Mission San Cruz than we had expected. Prehistoric archaeologists probably have greater familiarity with the materials than do most historical archaeologists. Many missions were constructed on older Native American sites, requiring both prehistoric and historic expertise from the archaeologists working there.

FUNDING

Archaeology is by definition a costly, labor-intensive proposition, but a part of the cost of doing business. In the same way that it would be foolish to try to construct a building while saving money by skipping the working drawing preparation phase, it would also be foolish to try to conduct a development project on a California mission site without taking the archaeological values into consideration. Probably the best way to economize on archaeology is to confront it squarely early in the planning phases of the project, rather than by trying to ignore it in the hopes that the topic will not arise.

While funding for archaeology should appear as a line item in the development budget, with careful advanced planning it should be possible to capitalize on public interest in archaeology and history to save some of the costs. Possible sources of volunteer assistance are local colleges and universities, archaeological societies, and other volunteers. These sources have all been of great assistance during the Santa Cruz Mission restoration project, largely due to the contacts of the local archaeologists hired to staff the project.

HAVING FUN

Although it can be hard work, archaeology should be fun. When planned well in advance and carried out with involvement of the local community and other concerned citizens, however, there is no reason that an archaeological project carried out at any of the California missions would not be an edifying experience, at many levels, for all involved. The success of such a potentially exciting venture, however, requires that the consumers of archaeological services be well informed and realistic in their expectations, and incorporate a business-like approach to historical archaeology in the earliest stages of their planning efforts.

[Editor's note: Contact Larry Felton for more information concerning this paper. This approach enhances California archaeology and history overall.]

HISTORIC MURALS: SILENT COMMUNICATION

by
John Whytock

A slight breeze warmed by the summer sun and scented by the sea gently rustles the leaves of an old oak. Below its calloused branches a Mexican landowner takes refuge from the heat of the day. He sits upon a well-worn leather saddle astride a black stallion and surveys his new world. Seven days of travel on horseback in every direction encompasses the owner's rancho. The sun-hazed mountains tower off to his right. To his left he can see the blue horizontal edge of the Pacific Ocean framed by the grass covered canyon hills. Down in the valley his longhorns are being driven to market. They kick up a cloud of ochre colored dust that spreads out over the arid hills. Thunderings of horses and cattle combined with shouts and whistles of men driving them are carried to him on the wind. Crashing up and over an embankment, white eyed and frantic, a startled longhorn calf races past the Don. Following close and absorbed in the chase, two vaqueros with reatas in hand, converge upon the stray. With skilled precision, one tosses his lariat over the calf's head. Both men haul back on the reins and bring their horses to a sliding stop. As the dust clears, the calf lies helpless, roped and ready for the brand.

The above is a description of the Mexican Rancho days in Alta California. Hopefully, it brings to the eye of our imagination a picture; and perhaps to the imagination's other senses, a longing to experience the reality of the past. To feel the heat and smell the sea breeze. To taste the dust and hear the sounds of life in the quiet before the introduction of the engines of industrial man. With the thrill of discovery and the experience of truth comes a desire to communicate that knowledge. The skillful teacher has the ability to transport his listeners into another world enjoy the pleasure of sharing his adventure with a kindred spirit.

Step inside the museum and walk past the cases of bones and rusted tools and bits of broken pottery. To the untrained eye it appears to be an extravagant display of ancient junk. But to those who are able to experience the distance of time and catch a glimpse into the past, these small remains of man's existence become a kind of time machine. To the archaeologist who first handles the newly exhumed relic it is the sensation of reaching back through time and space to touch an old friend. His appreciation for and his ability to access the value of these things is multiplied by years of study, research, and dedication. For those less fortunate the question remains: how to communicate the experiences of the past, the value of our ancestral struggles, their victories and defeats? What is the most effective way to share the smell of the salt air, and the sound of the wind in the oaks of a hundred years ago?

Prior to December 1986, the north interior wall of the Rancho Period room in the museum at Mission San Juan Capistrano was plastered white, surrounding a single original arch. Thanks to the vision of museum director Nicholas Magalousis, by January 1987, the blank wall was converted into an artistic stage, presenting a play in three acts. At the lower left of the wall, a window transports us back to the Spanish Period, as the Padres leave the missions and the Mexican government takes charge in Alta California. At the lower right, another window shows the American forces led by J. C. Fremont taking the territory from the Mexicans. In the center stage, stretching from one side to the other, crowning the windows below, the glory of the rancho days is displayed. A hand painted mural. A silent panorama of color and drama. From the expression of pride in the face of the landowner to the smallest detail of dust rising from beneath the hoofs of the runaway calf, each brush stroke helps to tell the story of the past.

A mural is able to impart the facts and feelings of history in many different ways. Not only through action and color, but by displaying objects in their actual size. It also portrays artifacts as common objects of utility enabling the viewer to attach them to the objects in the display cases. In the past, mural art was used to impart an environment to the structure in which it was painted, and is still often the case today. However, when historical accuracy is demanded, a greater skill is then required of the artist.

The artist must be able to work closely with the scientist in order to achieve the positive results. He must be able to render in paint or whatever medium the objects desired. For example, the clothes on the vaquero, the Don's saddle, even the plants native to the area must be represented as realistically as possible. To this end, historic mural painting must strive.

The attempt to bridge the gap of communication between the past and the present is made when the artist takes a page out of history and tries to breath life into it. I was given the opportunity to meet this challenge as the artist responsible for the mural at the museum at Mission San Juan Capistrano. A new appreciation of history developed from the over 200 hours of research involved in attaining the desired accuracy. For those of us responsible for the mural, it has been very gratifying to see the many positive reactions. I take great pride in the accomplishment, and it is my hope that this work of art will continue to touch the sensibilities of future generations.

NOTES ON BOOKS AND ARTICLES

The Decoration of the California Missions, published by Bellerophon Books and authored by Noman Neuerburg, is an interesting and important contribution to the study of the California mission system and its art. The book is obviously a brief introduction and is presented in the style which Bellerophon uses in numerous publications meant as introductions to larger subject matters in California. Illustrations are made in simple bold line drawings and contain lively depictions of Norman exploring the missions, Norman restoring paintings and create a folksy quality which makes the field seem inviting.

. While the book gives a basis for beginning students to organize and classify observations of the mission system art, it presents an unclear picture of Indian contributions as well as Mexican contributions to the art. Stating that the question is unresolved, the text proves the point by citing numerous examples of Indian contribution and then stating that attribution of art to Indians is highly unlikely. With no reference to California Indian use of symbols in basketry designs, which parallel church decorations and no reference to numerological systems, both calendric and ceremonial, further areas for researchers to explore are limited. A botanical list of plants used in decorative motif would also have been interesting as a tool in determining Indian contributions. California Indians rarely use realist portrayals in their art, although the majority of Indians' contributions cited in the book refer to exactly those types of realistic portrayals extant within the missions.

The book is a welcome contribution in an area which sees little attention and gives the beginning student valuable insights to the history of the art the missions but fulfills its own honest statement of limitations.

Paul Apodaca, Curator of Folk Art, Bowers Museum

---

Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800. Kathleen A. Deagan.
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987.

This impressive work, just off the press, is a richly illustrated manual for the identification and dating of Spanish colonial artifacts from 1500 to 1800. This first volume covers a wide variety of ceramics, glasswares, tiles, and beads. A second volume, in preparation, concentrates on arms, coins, household utensils, and other non-ceramic materials. The author examines artifacts of both European and New World manufacture in the economic and political context of colonial America. Together, the two volumes will become a standard reference for the material culture of the Spanish colonial world.

Drawing on 35 sites on both land and at sea, Deagan utilizes her extensive, well-documented and preserved data base to consider how the archaeological record actually reflects abstract cultural variability and change. The chapter on ceramics is of special interest to those involved in California mission studies. Deagan traces the origins of our relatively late Mexican majolicas to Europe and ultimately to the Islamic world. She describes not only the Puebla products familiar to us, but also the pottery production of Guatemala and Panama. We get a more accurate picture of California as an outpost at the end of the civilized world, when compared to the range and sophistication of styles in the Caribbean. Deagan's terminal date of 1800 makes Californians wish that she had extended her study to cover another 20 or 45 years. However, the chance to view the "roots" of Spanish Californian material culture and the high quality of scholarship make these books de rigueur for anyone interested in the artifacts of California missions.

Robert L. Hoover, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

Baja Road Log, by Walt Wheelock, published by La Siesta Press, Glendale, 1987.

This is the latest incarnation of an essential guide that has been available in various editions and formats for the past 30 years. It is very relevant to CMSA members because they all like to visit the California missions, and once you have got to all of them in Alta California, what is left but Baja where there is another extensive chain of missions to be seen? Unlike our part of California, you don't just drive to the missions of Baja on paved and well- marked roads; you do need a field vehicle and guide book unless you want to waste a lot of time following the wrong ruts in the desert. But Baja's missions are worth the visit; they are not in the middle of big urban centers and those which are not in ruins appear much more like they did when they were first built. The map in this guidebook marks all the missions and there are photos of four of them. Mission trekkers will be fired up to take the road if they have the Baja Road Log in front of them.

Clement W. Meighan, UCLA

---

One of the most important source materials relating to the history of La Purísima Mission is Zephryn Englehardt's book Mission La Concepcíon Purísima. Seldom found in bookstores, this volume has recently been reissued by McNally and Loft publishers, and Prelado de los Tesoros (volunteers) La Purísima Mission State Historic Park. It was originally published in 1932.

Looking back 200 years, Fr. Englehardt views the turbulent years of the mission: political and military aspects that caused delay of the founding, the earthquake of 1812 that destroyed the original mission and caused its relocation, the Indian revolt that lasted a month and took several lives, the secularization that spelled the end of the mission system, and finally, its restoration by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1930s.

It is indeed fortunate that this scholarly work is now available at the La Purísima Mission S.H.P. gift shop. In paperback, it costs $7.50 plus sales tax and shipping.

Robert L. Wenk, Docent, La Purísima Mission

---

"The Mission Buildings of San Juan Capistrano: A Tentative Chronology" by Harry Kelsey, Southern California Quarterly, Spring, 1987.

This article is an excellent chronological model for all historic sites to follow. Dr. Kelsey gathered information from documents, photographs, and history in an attempt to piece together a complete picture of the physical development of Mission Juan Capistrano. This is an attempt to clarify a vast unclear body of information. The article could be expanded into book form with the inclusion of chronological photographs. This type of detailed model is a must for the historical and archaeological researcher.

N. M. Magalousis, Chapman College

---

Meighan, Clement W., "Indians and the California Missions." Southern California Quarterly., Fall, 1987, reprinted by The Friends of the Santa Barbara Archive-Library, 1987.

This concise publication discusses the "disappearance" of the Indian population prior to and after secularization of the California Missions. Dr. Meighan conducted a thorough literary search and considers several possible elements of the decline: disease, desertion, lack of regeneration, and even explores the possibility of a political statement on the Indians' part.

Dr. Meighan succinctly sums up the matter: "Understanding of the Indian responses to the mission and post-mission period requires consideration of many lines of evidence which are in part confusing and contradictory. One cannot study the missions, however, in a vacuum and solely in terms of themselves."

Though the historical record is muddled, Dr. Meighan assists the reader in isolating the facts and helps the reader to clearly and objectively reason. Dr. Meighan leads the reader through the maze of historical problems and delivers to him a sound platform where he can make an educated decision. No matter which view you subscribe to on this historically, emotionally charged issue with its two divergent views, Dr. Meighan's article is a must read.

Ruth Zimmerman, Museum, Mission San Juan Capistrano

NEW PUBLICATIONS

Junipero Serra's Legacy, by Martin J. Morgado.
"This new volume thoroughly delineates the treasures that forever link San Carlos Borromeo to Serra, the humble friar who founded the mission in 1770." Msgr. Francis J. Weber.
For price information write: Mount Carmel, P.O. Box 51326, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

The Bulletin of American Garden History
reports about research, restorations and preservation.
Among its most valuable services are the compilation of current periodical literature in the field; information about sources
of period plants; and a "bulletin board" for research queries.

MEETINGS

-A historic agricultural potential conference is being planned for Ensenada, Mexico. It would be a cooperative effort between Mexican and American historians and archaeologists. If you would be interested in more details contact: N. M. Magalousis, P.O. Box 102, Laguna Beach, CA 92652.

-January 14-16, 1988, Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting, Reno.

FINANCIAL STATUS OF CMSA

The financial status of the CMSA as of 31 August 1987 is shown in the summary table report. Income is derived as usual from membership dues and donations; however this year due to the work of past president Dave Huelsbeck, we received $3,236.64 from proceeds following the February meeting at Santa Clara. During this period, expenses incurred were primarily due to the publishing of our Newsletter and a $250.00 deposit to the Mission Hills Hotel for the CMSA Annual Meeting at Mission San Fernando. In the event you have not paid your $10.00 annual membership dues there is still time to do so and indicate your support of CMSA.

,

FINANCIAL REPORT
	Cumulative1987 to 31 Dec 1985	1986	1987 TO 31 Aug
INCOME	5,019.82	5,470.45	3,543.43
EXPENSES	2,675.66	5,070.03	1,029.59
BALANCE	2,344.16	400.43	2,514.84

CMSA HAS A NEW ADDRESS

California Mission Studies Association
c/o Mission San Juan Capistrano Visitors Center
31882 Camino Capistrano, Suite 218
San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675