CMSA NEWSLETTER

VOLUME 4 NUMBER 1 MAY 1987



Newsletter Advisory Board
Prof. Nicholas M. Magalousis
Clement W. Meighan, Ph.D.
Father Paul Martin
Ruth Zimmerman

Congratulations to New Board
Call for Papers
Wanted---Active Members!!!
The Fourth Annual CMSA Conference
Upcoming Events
Preserving Mission History for Museum Archives though Photography by George R. Jamgochian
San Vicente Ferrer by Walt Wheelock
Spanish Colonial Research within the Framework of World Systems Theory by Robert L. Hoover
Missions and Earthquakes by Priscilla Sleight
Rising From Adobe Dust... A Museum Develops by Ruth Zimmerman
New Filmstrip Available: Junipero Serra: Father of the California Missions
Reconstructed Mission Church Wins Award
Current Research at Mission Santa Clara
Burials from the Santa Barbara Presidio Chapel
Staff Report From La Purísima Mission
Mission News & Notes from The Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter, March 1987
From the Fort Guijarros Quarterly
The Families of the Presidio de San Diego
CMSA Statement of Account

CONGRATULATIONS TO THE NEW BOARD MEMBERS!

President - Gil Sanchez
Vice Pres. - Harry Kelsey
Secretary - Daryl Allen
Treasurer - Frank Ducey

NOTE: The CMSA Executive Board apologizes for the design of the ballot.
The ballot will be redesigned to insure the secrecy of your votes.

A MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

A meeting of all present and past Executive Board Members and Committee Chairs will be held, Sunday, June 7th at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego, California. It will be a luncheon meeting from 12:00 to approximately 2:30. If you plan to attend contact Edna Kimbro (408) 427-3531.

CALL FOR PAPERS

... Many of you are participating in exciting research. Why not let the membership know? Submit your articles, book reviews, and all newsworthy information, preferably typed and double spaced to CMSA Newsletter, P.O. Box 102, Laguna Beach, CA 92652.

WANTED--ACTIVE MEMBERS!!!

The CMSA is only as good as the people in the association. The more people that become actively involved in the association, the stronger we are. You can start by paying your $10 annual membership dues. A very large number of people on our mailing list are not members. Soon we will be forced to limit Newsletter distribution to the paid membership. Contribute an article to the Newsletter, or send a question that you would like answered. Attend the Annual Conference. Help the program chair organize and run the conference-Ken Pauley would love to hear from you. Do you feel left out? Consider this the invitation you've been waiting for! The new CMSA officers will meet soon to plan the next year's agenda. Send your ideas to CMSA, P.O. Box 102, Laguna Beach, CA 92652.

THE FOURTH ANNUAL CMSA CONFERENCE...

... at Mission Santa Clara was an outstanding success. Fifteen individuals gave presentations describing their mission research on topics ranging from excavation and preservation to diet and decoration. Workshops dealt with the Care of Adobe Structures, Teaching California Mission History, and Missions' Museums. Our keynote speaker was Antonine Tibesar, O.F.M., from the American Academy of Franciscan History. Father Tibesar discussed 'The Mission as Institution in Spanish America." Our banquet speaker was Norman Neuerburg discussing his research into the art and architectural history of the California Missions. His two slide projector presentation was entitled 'Ancient Rome in Early California." Copies of the program are available from David Huelsbeck, Department of Anthropology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053. Please enclose a self addressed, stamped, business envelope. Another conference highlight was the poster produced by Bellerophon Books. The poster illustrates Mission Santa Clara prior to 1840, according to N. Neuerburg in THE DECORATION OF CALIFORNIA MISSIONS. Many thanks to Bellerophon Books for their support. For information about obtaining a poster, contact the DeSaisset Museum, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053. (408) 554-4528.

NEXT YEAR'S CONFERENCE WILL BE AT MISSION SAN FERNANDO. PLAN TO ATTEND!!!

UPCOMING EVENTS

ANNUAL STATE PRESERVATION CONFERENCE, JUNE 4-7

The 12th Annual State Preservation Conference will be held in Coronado, California. For further information contact California Preservation Foundation, 41 Sutter Street, Suite 1593, San Francisco, CA 94104. (413) 527-7808.

CALIFORNIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, JUNE 19-22

The CHS Annual Meeting will take place June 1922 in Sacramento. - The meeting w-iff-f&afifie-@i-beFun-d the-scenes look at historical sites in the capitol area, workshops on conservation, and sharing experiences with historical societies from throughout the state. For further information contact Chuck Wilson, California State Archives, 1020 "O" Street, Room 130, Sacramento, CA 95814.

NEW PUBLICATIONS

"The Buildings of Mission San Juan Capistrano-A Tentative Chronology" by Dr. Harry Kelsey, Spring 1987 issue of S.C. QUARTERLY.

BAJA ROAD LOG by Walt Wheelock, La Siesta Press, Glendale, CA, 1987.

"Early California Reflections, transcriptions of the lectures offered at the San Juan Capistrano Regional Library in August and September of 1986." The project was funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. To obtain information on availability write: San Juan Capistrano Regional Library, 31495 El Camino Real, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675.

The views expressed by the various authors are not necessarily those held by the CMSA Editorial Board. The articles, for the most part, have been published as submitted, with only minimal editing.

PRESERVING MISSION HISTORY FOR MUSEUM ARCHIVES THOUGH PHOTOGRAPHY
by George R. Jamgochian
California State University, Long Beach

Over the centuries missions have served as repositories for much material and data of historical value. The development of the museum component or archival center for today's mission staff requires an investigation of procedures needed for preserving a photographic record of mission life and events. This series will continue to explore a number of areas that should assist mission officials and curators in maintaining a permanent collection of photographic material.

The missions were in existence prior to the advent of photography. Photographic recording has gradually replaced traditional sketches, engravings, and drawings used in past centuries to make a visual record of buildings, people, landscapes, and events. The problem with photography, in spite of all its technical marvels, can be a lack of permanence. If photography had been the medium of the Old Masters, we would probably have no record today of their artistry. Black and white photographic prints, if not processed correctly, will eventually either darken or fade depending on the circumstances. Color slides, color negatives, and color prints present even more of a challenge in the quest for permanence. Color dyes are greatly affected by heat and light. Images are subject to discoloration and fading even more so than black and white photographs. Major manufacturers of photographic film and print paper devote much of their research effort to making their products more stable and more permanent. In addition, they publish various technical guides and bulletins that outline methods to follow when preparing photographic materials for archival purposes. Archival photography aims at achieving the greatest longevity possible with today's technology. This series will attempt to provide the mission staff with information on various aspects of archival photography and seek to build an awareness of the factors involved for preserving mission history by photographic means.

A MISSION DIRECTOR OF ARCHIVAL PHOTOGRAPHY

ff later generations of historians and scholars are to have photographic prints and slides to examine, someone on each mission staff needs to have the responsibility for directing and managing archival photography. This individual would need to become knowledgeable about the various processes and procedures that help ensure photographic permanence. The director could put archival procedures into place and establish guidelines for others to follow.

PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT

Photographic equipment for recording mission history can be placed into three film categories, namely: 35mm, 120 rollfilm, and cut film of 4 x 5 inches, 5 x 7 inches, and 8 x 10 inches. The single lens reflex camera is the most popular of the 35mm format. Its advantages are low cost operation, simplicity of use, interchangeable lenses ranging through wide angle, normal, portrait, and telephoto, auto exposure, and auto-focusing, and wide selection of film types available. The disadvantages are small negative size and lack of adjustments in comparison with a view camera. The 120 rollfilm camera yields a larger negative size and can accommodate interchangeable lenses. The Hasselblad camera was selected by NASA scientists for the astronauts to use in recording the lunarscapes on the moon. The main disadvantages are the high cost of a quality 120 roflfilm camera and the accompanying lenses, and lack of adjustments.

The large format view camera has a number of advantages for high quality, archival photography. The larger negative size yields better prints, since less enlargement is needed. The dramatic, detailed photographic prints of such masters as Edward Weston and Ansel Adams serve as excellent examples of large format work. Unlike small format cameras, the view camera can be adjusted in many ways. The photographer can control vertical distortion, horizontal distortion, depth of field, perspective, and composition. Architectural photography is usually done with view cameras because of the corrections that are possible. The view camera also accepts interchangeable lenses. It also can be adapted to use 120 rollfilm. Since professional photographers use view cameras, a wide variety of types of film emulsions are available. Mission artifacts can be recorded without having to add special attachments. The long bellows of a view camera permit macro photography.

The disadvantages are mainly those that would be associated with large size. The cameras weigh more, lack portability, and require sturdy tripods for support. The film is a great deal more expensive. The large format lenses cost more to purchase than small camera lenses. However, the large format lenses do seem to hold their value better over a long period of time in comparison with 35mm camera lenses. Each sheet of film must be loaded carefully into a holder in a totally dark environment. The film exposure must be determined with a separate meter. Focusing the camera is done on ground glass with the use of a cloth to cover one's head. Taking a photograph with a view camera is a more deliberate process.

One can conclude that spontaneous, convenient, low cost photography is the province of the smaller format camera. High quality, high resolution, fine grain, distortion free photographs are the strong points of the view camera. Archival photographic records of mission life and the mission buildings themselves would, perhaps, best be served by having the use of both formats available.

SAN VICENTE FERRER

by Walt Wheelock

California Missions have been treated kindly in modem times. Many have been refurbished or restored, and in cases as with San Femando, which was destroyed by the Sylmar earthquake, have been completely rebuilt. Archaeologists have explored the sites of all missions, past and present.

In Baja California Sur there are now four missions which have survived as parish churches, Loreto, San Javier, Santa Rosalia de Mulege, and San Ignacio. Isolated San Luis Gonzaga has been maintained by a local landholder, but is seldom visited.

In the northern state of Baja California all sites had been neglected by the church and the state until 1980 when the Autonomous University of Baja Califomia (UABC)-Tijuana undertook a survey of San Vicente Ferrer. This time was chosen as it was the bicentennial of the mission's founding. This was to be the third of nine Dominican missions and Gov. Neve felt that here should be a military post. However forces were scarce and the escolta at San Vicente was commanded by an ensign, not a lieutenant or captain, and never became a presidio. Nevertheless the founding warranted the attendance of Gov. Neve himself and of Fr. Miguel Hidalgo and Francisco Galisto. The governor wrote a lengthy report on the value of the new mission. In the following year the Pueblo de Los Angeles was founded, but that ceremony was conducted by lowly Corporal Jose Vicente Feliz (Los Angeles was of minor importance!).

San Vicente was well adapted as the stronghold of La Frontera, being centrally located with respect to the "Pacific missions," and the "sierra missions" could easily be reached from that post. It remained as the 'northern capital of La Frontera' until 1833. The only missions abandoned after Indian attacks were those of Santa Catarina and Guadalupe which occurred in 1840, long afterwards.

UABC planned an elaborate program. The foundation of the church was excavated and the site covered with a large palm-leaf ramada, later reinforced by an overlay of wire mesh. An interpretive center building was constructed of cement blocks, complete with a restroom, and the entire site enclosed with a chain-link fence. Plans called for a visitors' center with a restaurant to be built on a neighboring knoll.

On August 24, 1980, the Committee for the Restoration of the Missions, under the late President Thomas Robertson held a Fiesta and reenacted the founding of the mission and military post.

But as so often happens, money and/or inspiration ran out and the work is slowly falling into disrepair. The fence prevents entry by car, but a good entrance walk leads to the ruins.

SPANISH COLONIAL RESEARCH WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

by Robert L. Hoover

Archaeological studies of colonial sites in the Americas and elsewhere have become popular in the field of historical archaeology within the past 20 years. Spanish colonial sites in the Southwest, Florida, and the Caribbean; French colonial sites in Canada and the Mississippi Valley; British colonial sites in the Southeast; and Dutch colonial sites in the West Indies have been investigated to identify the various economic, political, and social strategies of the colonizing powers during the age of exploration (Dyson 1985). A great deal of site specific information has been accumulated and analyzed. Regional patterns have been identified for the southeastern United States during the British period (South 1977a). We are now at a stage where it should be possible to identify archaeologically national pattems of behavior.

WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY

Nomothetics--the scientific search for general laws and patterns of behavior--is the ultimate goal of inductive archaeology. Specific data from various sites can be used to test hypotheses to confirm or disconfirm them as more general laws about cultural processes (South 1977b). Let us examine the international context of colonialism after 1500 to carry this trend to its logical conclusion. Since 1500, culture change has not merely been influenced by regional and national institutions and values but by a culture's (or subculture's) location as part of a worldwide economic system. Fortunately, an excellent model for archaeologists has already been proposed in the related field of sociology.

Immanuel Wallerstein (1974; 1980) has recently presented social scientists with an elaborate and somewhat controversial theory by which he explains the past and present relationships between nations and social classes. As the economic systems of simple horticultural and hunting-gathering societies have disappeared, so has the complete division of labor within a single cultural framework. What was left is a world economic system which has a single division of labor in the context of numerous and diverse cultural frameworks. This phenomenon developed in the 16th century as the result of the geographical expansion of Europe, the development of various means of labor control for different zones of the world economy, and the growth of strong states as leaders in that economy.

This worldwide division of labor was geographically based. Core states dominated peripheral and semi-peripheral states by exploiting the labor of the latter groups and receiving a proportionally larger share of the surplus. Core states were characterized by free skilled labor. Peripheral labor was primarily unskilled and often coerced. The semi-peripheral states held an important intermediate position between core and periphery and shared traits of both. They were both exploiters and exploited, preventing polarization within the system. Some semi-peripheral states, such as Spain and Portugal, were core states of the past. Others had moved up from the periphery. The entire system was maintained by the superior military strength of the core states, feelings of nationalistic and religious commitment by the participants, and a sense that their well being depended on the continuation of the system.

In traditional terms, the world economic system exported raw materials to core states in exchange for manufactured goods. Economic interaction occurred primarily among core states or between core periphery. Peripheral areas were unlikely to trade with one another; each traded primarily with a particular core state in one or a very few commodities. Trading patterns were one mechanism by which core states maintained dominance and benefited most from the system.

EXAMPLES FROM MISSION SAN ANTONIO

In terms of the period before 1820, Spain and Portugal were early core states. These nations were eclipsed and assumed semi-peripheral status in the 17th century with the rise of France and Britain as core states. Portugal became a steadfast ally of Britain and Spain and sometimes of France. For the last ten years, archaeological excavations at Mission San Antonio de Padua in California have produced an abundance of data that are a frontier reflection of the world economic system of the period 1771-1834 (Hoover and Costello 1985). This interesting period represents the time of Spain's further decline due to French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars and the resulting colonial independence movement.

The married Indian dormitory at Mission San Antonio formed three contiguous wings in the shape of a backward "C". Construction began near the church, and new rooms were added as the population grew. The local Salinan Indians, who were non-ceramic hunters and gatherers in prehistoric times, were concentrated at the Mission and housed according to marital status and sex. Each single-room apartment was approximately 4 x 5 meters in size and built to an identical plan. Adobe brick walls were placed on river cobble footings and were roofed with fired tiles. Each room contained a central amorphous hearth and a doorway opening toward the church.

The Indian neophyte population of Mission San Antonio formed the long-term labor force. Wallerstein (1980) points out that use of Indian labor generally proved inefficient for the Spaniards in areas occupied by hunters-gatherers or where social stratification was weakly developed. However, the Salinans and other California groups had a more elaborate social system than we once realized. The missionaries seem to have had relatively better success with Indian labor which, at first, was producing for internal consumption rather than export. The recurring costs of the use of coerced cash-crop labor is less than that of plantation slavery, as the workers often produce additional food for themselves outside the control of their supervisors. The Salinans practiced hunting, fishing, and wild plant collecting at intervals to supplement their mission diet. As long-term laborers, the mission neophytes would not be expected to leave the community after two or three years of training, so initial investment in training was not lost, as was the case with indentured servants in early Anglo-America. Wallerstein demonstrates that the elaborate division of labor of his world system was based on geographical as well as occupational considerations. The periphery, represented here by Spanish Alta California, had lower skill requirements for its labor force. It was also affected more by economic downturns, as the core and semi-periphery tried to maintain their production and employment at the expense of the periphery.

The soldiers' barracks at Mission San Antonio is a multi-component feature. The earlier barracks was constructed in 1776 during a period of relative stability for Spain following the early Bourbon reforms. The later superimposed barracks was built in 1802, a time which was rapidly followed by Spain's decline in the world system. Using the world system model, it should be possible to note differences in the artifact content of the two components which will reflect changes in the world economic and political situation.

Comparisons of the two components of the soldiers' barracks at Mission San Antonio do indeed indicate shifts in international trade and power, especially in the ceramic industries. The 1776 barracks contained a preponderance of Hispanic ceramics, especially majolicas and lead-glazed wares. This component also contained some Chinese porcelain, reflecting a stable period for Spain and trading connections with Manila. The 1802 barracks was characterized by abundant mass-produced British earthenwares, which were transported and sold more cheaply than their hand-made Hispanic counterparts. This assemblage reflects British dominance of seaborne trade during the early 19th century.

Several factors held the world system together, even in times of economic crisis--the desire of the peripheral producers to remain part of the world economy, the desire of the core to retain its periphery for use in times of prosperity, and the fact some peripheral products were always needed by the core that could only be produced in the periphery for ecological reasons or because of lower labor costs. By the early 19th century, the industrial core states could sufficiently supply the Spanish American colonies at reasonable prices, while Spain could not. Smuggling became an important economic activity, linking merchants of core states with peripheral producers. Such an arrangement involved the transfer of surplus and also guaranteed continued production. Spain ceased to be even a conveyor belt for the goods of core states to her colonies, as the contraband trade bypassed her entirely.

As can be seen, it is possible to utilize the microcosmic data from a frontier outpost of a semi-peripheral state to reveal shifts in the world economic system. World system theory and other macrocosmic models might well be employed by archaeologists around the world to correlate data from British, French, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese colonial sites. Abundant data is already available from British, French, and Spanish sites. By pooling models and research designs, we can better test the hypotheses that will eventually lead to general laws of behavior.

REFERENCES

Dyson, Stephen L. (ed.)
1985 COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF COLONIALISM.
British Archaeological Reports International Series 233. Oxford.

Hoover, Robert L., and Julia G. Costello (eds.)
1985 EXCAVATIONS AT MISSION SAN ANTONIO, 1976-1978.
Monograph 26, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

South, Stanley A.
1977a METHOD AND THEORY IN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.
Academic Press, New York.
1977b RESEARCH STRATEGIES IN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY.
Academic Press, New York.

Wallerstein, Immanuel M.
1974 THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM I. CAPITALIST AGRICULTURE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE EUROPEAN WORLD-ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
Academic Press, New York.
1980 THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM II. MERCANTILISM AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE EUROPEAN WORLD-ECONOMY.
Academic Press, Orlando.

MISSIONS AND EARTHQUAKES

by Priscilla Sleight

While fumbling through a soils engineering report, I came across something very enlightening--a report called "A History of California Earthquakes," by Dr. Charles F. Richter. I quickly thumbed through the pages and, lo and behold, there it was--December 8,1812.

Charles Richter, of the 'Richter Scale" fame, noted that with earthquakes prior to 1930 the epicenters and magnitudes were uncertain ... based only on non-instrumental information. Nonetheless, I found this report to be very interesting.

The first definitely dated California earthquake was reported by the Portola Expedition. On July 28, 1769, as the exploring party camped on the banks of the Santa Ana River near the town of Olive (City of Orange today), an earthquake struck. Father Juan Crespi "called this place the Sweet Name of Jesus de los Temblores because we experienced here a terrifying earthquake which was repeated four times during the day." Richter's report concluded that because of the occurrence of aftershocks during the next few days, the magnitude "should have been 7.0 or more."

The quake the docents at San Juan Capistrano are most familiar with (December 8,1812) was "probably only a moderately large earthquake" with a magnitude of between 6.0 and 6.5. Richter noted, however, that damage at the Mission San Juan Capistrano was extensive with 40 lives lost and the tower of the church destroyed. That same quake caused serious damage at the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel. Indeed, the church bell tower was also destroyed and never rebuilt. It was replaced by a striking campanario that houses the ancient and massive bells. It was also noted by Richter that shaking was strong as far away as San Diego.

December 21, 1812. Imagine, less than three weeks after the December 8th quake, another more severe quake struck. Estimated magnitude appeared to have been as high as 7.5. The Mission San Femando, San Buenaventura (where reconstruction took almost three years), Santa Barbara (church destroyed), Santa Ines (most of the just completed buildings were reduced to rubble), and La Purisima Concepcion (buildings leveled) were affected. The quake is believed to have been centered off the Santa Barbara Channel in the Pacific because of the pattern of destruction.

The great San Francisco Earthquake occurred on April 18, 1906. The magnitude of this quake has been determined historically to be 8.3, approximately 10 times more powerful than the 1812 quake. Surprisingly, the only mission referenced to have suffered extensive damage was Mission San Juan Bautista. The church and campanario suffered heavy damage, and it wasn't until 1976-1977 that the damage to the church was finally repaired.

RISING FROM ADOBE DUST... A MUSEUM DEVELOPS

by Ruth Zimmerman

In 1979, the Museum wing of the San Juan Capistrano Mission was empty and void of life. Today, the Museum is a thriving educational center. How did this transformation take place, you ask? With the aid of grants!!!

The Museum under the direction of N.M. Magalousis has been the recipient of several grants. The most recent grants were received from The Ahmanson and the O'Neill Avery Foundations.

With the funds provided by The Ahmanson Foundation, the Museum's last undeveloped room will be finished. The Rancho Period Room will be outfitted with displays and artifacts of the Spanish rancho era of the mid-1800s.

At one end of the room there is a replica adobe house with a thatched roof. This area will be utilized by guest artists, demonstrating historic craft and cultural skills.

At the opposite end, there is a mural, 13 x 16 feet in dimension, which consists of three elements. The three separate scenes painted on a reconstructed wall depict the Mexican secularization of the mission. The muralist, John Whytock, describes his style as "classical in composition/contemporary in concept."

The central portion of the room is still under development, but will include moveable glass cases containing Rancho Period artifacts. Other smaller murals are also planned which will depict facets of Alta and Baja California history.

The O'Neill Avery Foundation recently gave the Museum a grant to aid in the development of educational outreach kits. This project is described in depth in the article by Sandy Teller and Sharon Witte.

Many new programs have been developed during the eight years of remodeling and development. We now offer an academic lecture series featuring top scholars such as Drs. Clement Meighan and Richard Frank. Bread baking demonstrations in a replica native oven as well as an active Living History program (costumed volunteers dress as soldiers and early California settlers conversing with visitors in character) bring the Mission Period alive.

The Mission and Museum are now full of life and are an educational resource to the whole community. The Museum's staff and group of dedicated volunteers are always busy formulating new programs and attempting to procure new grant&--so why wait for an update in the next Newsletter? Drop by and visit us. See the new developments as they happen!!!

MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO O'NEILL GRANT DEVELOPMENT UPDATE

We are engaged in an educational project being funded by the Richard O'Neill and Alice O'Neill Avery Foundations. For this project we are developing educational outreach kits, dealing with Native Americans, Spanish and Mexican influence, and archaeology at Mission San Juan Capistrano. These kits will be available for use in schools throughout Orange County and will offer a variety of leaming experiences and materials for students. The kits will include written background materials, hands-on artifacts, and audio-visual aids. To date we have corresponded with many museums and teachers in the area, collected slides and pictures, and purchased hands-on artifacts.

Our next phase is to develop written materials to accompany the kits. They will provide pre-visit information, on-site focusing guides and post-visit reviews, as well as historical facts for resource materials.

It is our hope that other groups who are fervently interested in educating their community would be willing to share their expertise with us. We would like information about outreach docent training procedures, effective and non-effective classroom kits, and transportation methods for such outreach kits.

Any assistance will be greatly appreciated. Please contact grant coordinators Sandra Teller and Sharon Witte, Mission San Juan Capistrano Museum, P.O. Box 313, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92693.

NEW FILMSTRIP AVAILABLE

JUNIPERO SERRA: FATHER OF THE CALIFORNIA MISSIONS, a color/sound filmstrip is available for $42.75.

Filmed entirely on location in California and Mexico, the filmstrip possesses scenes of unsurpassed beauty photographed at all 21 of the California missions along with various rare art treasures, portraits and memorabilia found in archives, museums, and religious institutions of California and Mexico. The on-the-spot photography of actual historic sites combined with the vivid and dramatic narration makes this account of the life and times of Junípero Serra a lasting historical document in the audio/visual arts. For further information contact

KM Communications
3939 Poole Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45239

PROTO-COLONIAL RESEARCH, 1987

This is to announce the 1987 initial publication of PROTO-COLONIAL RESEARCH, an annual newsletter for scholars engaged in the study of early European colonization. PROTO-COLONIAL RESEARCH is aimed at facilitating the exchange of information about the formative stage of European expansion, ca. 1450 to ca. 1650. The broad nature of the subject makes comparative studies difficult, and has led to insufficient communication among scholars. It is hoped that PROTO-COLONIAL RESEARCH will attract international participation from the fields of history, archaeology, art, geography, and literature, as well as architectural, military, and naval studies.

PROTO-COLONIAL RESEARCH is designed to be the medium for exchange of research problems, discoveries, and conjectures. It is aimed at informal presentation and discussion of preliminary findings. In the future, more formal publication in a series of occasional papers, Proto-Colonial Studies, may be undertaken by another institution.

All scholars who can contribute to such an exchange, and who would be prepared to correspond directly with the participants in the newsletter, are asked to send the following details to the address below. (1) name and title, (2) corresponding address and telephone number(s), (3) general research areas or disciplines, (4) relevant publications, (5) past and present proto-colonial research activities, and (6) topics or problems for which information or comment is desired.

The first issue is planned to be sent out in 1987. Charges for the newsletter are assessed biannually at $5.00. Payment should accompany the submission of biographic and research details, and checks should be made out to Proto-Colonial Research.

Eric Klingelhofer, Editor
Proto-Colonial Research
History Department
Mercer University
Macon, Georgia 31207

RECONSTRUCTED MISSION CHURCH WINS AWARD

A reconstruction of the 19th century mission church at Mission San José was among the winners in the statewide American Institute of Architects annual design award competition. Gil Sanchez, A.I.A., project architect, was given the Merit Award April 11th at the Awards Reception of the Monterey Design Conference. The 17 Merit Awards and five Honor Awards were selected from 298 entries of contemporary and historic structures from throughout California by a distinguished jury. Mission San José has also received a Santa Clara Valley A.I.A. Commendation Award and a Masonry Institute Award for the reconstruction completed in 1985.

Sanchez and associate Daryl Allen recently completed construction drawings for Mission Santa Cruz Restoration and are currently studying Rancho Cerritos in Long Beach with the firm of Greenwood and Associates, archaeologists, for the preparation a Historic Structure Report. A Mexican Period adobe built in 1844 by John Temple is still standing at Rancho Los Cerritos. The City of Long Beach, the rancho's owner, seeks historical background, preservation advice, and recommendations for future restoration from the study.

CURRENT RESEARCH AT MISSION SANTA CLARA

Santa Clara University has acquired a major portion of the 1781-1818 site of the Mission Santa Clara in the City of Santa Clara. The houses on and near the Mission Site are being removed in preparation for university expansion. The Mission site itself will be developed as an archaeological park.

The removal of house foundations is being monitored by SCU archaeologist David Huelsbeck. Most of the materials and features encountered so far relate to the late 19th and early 20th century occupation of the site. One Mission Period refuse pit yielded an elk antler. Two probable borrow-pits filled with imperfectly fired rifles have also been encountered, raising the current total of such features at the site to three.

This summer SCU is sponsoring a large test excavation in the area to be sealed by a new road. We will be sampling the orchardist's house, several areas identified as promising during a ground -penetrating radar survey, and an enigmatic structure first encountered last summer. Those interested in participating in the project should contact Dave Huelsbeck at SCU. Public tours of the excavations will be conducted on Saturdays at 10 AM and 2 PM from June 27 until August 1.

BURIALS FROM THE SANTA BARBARA PRESIDIO CHAPEL

Nearly 20 years ago, three burials were excavated from the floor of the chapel at the site of El Real Presidio de Santa Barbara, California. Two of the graves contained only sparse remains, while Burial 3 consisted of the nearly complete skeleton of a young woman and included fragments of material and ornaments from her clothing. Osteological analysis, study of associated artifacts, and documentary research have resulted in tentative identification of two of the individuals and have provided information on the genetic affinities, health, burial practices, and clothing styles of this early 19th century Hispanic community-

The few bones remaining of the middle-aged adult of Burial 1 and the newborn baby in Burial 2 could not be associated with known individuals from church burial and other records. The second child in Burial 2, however, was likely Maria Dominga Carrillo who died in 1840 at the age of 2.5 years. Small glass beads were reported associated with her burial when originally exhumed.

Burial 3 was identified osteologically as a woman between 16 and 20 years of age with African, northern European, and Native American ancestry. Osteological and documentary evidence suggests this was Maria Antonia Carrillo who died in 1844 at the age of 16 years, 9 months. There were no indications of cause of death on the skeleton. Small fragments of cloth indicate a jacket or cape of fulled wool over a dress decorated with a central row of buttons, "gold" braid, and sequins. Small flowerlike bundles also decorated the dress and hair, and a ring set with a stone was found on her finger. Her redwood coffin was covered with a coarse and then a finer fabric and finally embellished with decorative dome-headed copper tacks.

A complete report of the materials and analyses is being published in the journal HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY in 1987.

Julia G. Costello & Phillip L. Walker, .UC Santa Barbara

Reprinted from the SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER, Vol. 21, Nos. 1-2, March 1987.

STAFF REPORT FROM LA PURISIMA MISSION

Work officially began on the final phases of the reconstruction of the Blacksmith Shop on Tuesday, March 19th. The first few days were utilized to firm up plans and schedules, and to get all of the necessary tools, supplies, and materials together.

The progress that has been made to date indicates the professionalism of the crew foreman, Bob Soto, and his workmen. Accomplishments so far include:

The building foundation was excavated and treated to prevent any further seepage of moisture from entering the building, along with the removal of excess dirt from the bank at the rear of the building and installation of an underground drain line at the rear and ends of the building.

All interior wall surfaces have been plastered and are in the process of being painted. All exterior wall surfaces have also been plastered and are now ready for painting.

All door sills have been installed, using native stone which fits in quite nicely.

The electrical panel has been installed and all electric wires are in place and connected to the wall outlets. The phone lines, which will be used for the security/fire alarm system, are to be installed later.

The stabilized tamped earth floors will be installed in the rooms following the completion of interior painting in a few days.

Construction of the forge will get under way as soon as a few more of the design details have been worked out to everyone's satisfaction.

The area immediately surrounding the building will be brought up to grade, and the existing roadbed is to be relocated farther away from the front and ends of the building, both for visitor safety and as an added enhancement to the building's aesthetics. This will also cut down on noise and dust.

Except for some of the usual follow-up details that are encountered, this pretty well sums up the overdll project to date.

The C.C.C. crew has been working in earnest since March 25th on the task of excavating and clearing the aqueduct, from the Mission garden to the pond. At this time they are nearly three-quarters of the way to the pond. In case no one has noticed or heard, water has been flowing through the garden since the 2nd of April. After all the clearing has been accomplished, the masonry will undergo repairs and remortaring to prevent loss of water before it reaches the garden. Upon completion of this project, another interesting topic can be added to the interpretation of La Purísima's history.

UPCOMING EVENTS AT LA PURÍSIMA MISSION

Lecture: August 8 - Dr. Jim Collins, "Have I Got a Deal for You" Mission Trade and Economics.
Mission Life Days - June 28, July 18, and August 15, 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM
Purísima's People Tours - June 13, July 1 1, and August 23, starting at 1:00 PM.
For further information contact
La Purísima Mission S.H.P., RFD Box 102
Lompoc, CA 93436
(805) 733-3713

MISSION NEWS AND NOTES

from THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER,
Vol. 20, No. 1, March 1987

MISSION SAN ANTONIO: California Polytechnic State University completed its eleventh summer field school at Mission San Antonio de Padua in southern Monterey County under the direction of Dr. Robert L. Hoover. This year, the class completed excavations of the exterior of the vineyardist's house on the south and west sides and opened a side doorway. The building was roughly square and was constructed of sun-dried adobe bricks on a river cobble foundation with a fired tile roof. A 1909 photograph, showing part of the structure still standing indicated the location of a window and several doorways. Historical records and aerial photographs indicate that the house was surrounded by a two-meter high adobe brick wall surmounted by roof tiles. The wall enclosed a vineyard of several hundred grape vines and several fruit trees.

A complete articulated cow skeleton was recovered in the pre-construction level of the south side of the house. A possible window existed near the southwest corner of the building as evidenced by greater quantities of artifacts and debris outside the house at that point. Glass, shell beads and chert, and glass projectile points indicate that the vineyardist's family may have been acculturated Indians.

So far, the San Antonio Mission project has involved excavation of the married neophyte quarters and a brick and tile kiln (1976-1978), the soldiers' barracks (1979-1983), and the vineyardist's house (1984-1986). EXCAVATIONS AT MISSION SAN ANTONIO, 1976-1978 has been published as Monograph 26 of the Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024 ($16-00). Chapters on faunal analysis and the ethnogeography of the local Salinan Indians are of particular interest to non-archaeologists. The soldiers' barracks report is now in preparation. It will place the mission in the context of the contemporary world economy and political system. The vineyardist's house report will deal with details of mission agricultural technology and documentary evidence for annual crop and livestock production.

MISSION SANTA CLARA: The 1986 field season at the Santa Clara Mission Site was an outstanding success. The site being investigated is the location of the third church (in a series of five). It was first occupied in 1781. This site was supposed to be the permanent location of the mission, but an earthquake in 1818 made the church unsafe and the mission moved to its present location in the heart of Santa Clara University's campus.

Building on last year's success locating the main quadrangle structures, work was concentrated on excavation of one room in the quadrangles east wing. Historical documentation suggested that this area had been used as living or working quarters by unmarried girls at the mission. Approximately 30% of the room was excavated; material remains indicate a much more complex history than originally suspected.

The earth floor of this room consisted of three layers. The bottom layer contained a large proportion of ash, charcoal, and animal bone fragments suggesting cooking and perhaps domestic occupation. The middle layer consisted of gravel and very little else. This suggests a moisture problem (fixing an earth floor that had turned to mud) but indicates little concerning the use of the room. The top layer consisted of light colored adobe soil and yielded some occupational debris. A few glass trade beads were found in the bottom and top layers but little else that would identify occupants and activities was recovered. Laboratory analysis of the recovered materials and excavation of the remainder of the room should contribute to our understanding.

Inside the courtyard adjacent to the wall of this room we discovered a small pit lined and covered with fired floor tiles. This created a small chamber about 20 cm square. It looked like a place to hide valuables, but when opened it proved to be empty. Whatever had been in the hole probably had been removed when the buildings were dismantled after the 1818 earthquake.

Our continued survey and testing in the neighborhood surrounding the main quadrangle also proved to be very successful. With the help of a 4 year old digging in his basement, we located a Mission Period borrow pit where soil to construct adobe blocks was mined. This pit was filled with broken tiles and ash. Many of the tile fragments were under- or over-fired and probably broke during the firing process. The tile kiln (as yet not found) should have been located near this pit. We also located a thick man-made layer of clay and gravel in Mission Period strata. Based on the results of auger-testing, this platform measures approximately 15 by 7 meters. At this time we have no idea what this is. Finally, we located what appear to be the remains of two adobe houses that date to the early 1850s. One of these was occupied by the first judge of Santa Clara County.

The research project currently focuses on the Mission Period materials but numerous materials relating to the Italian ethnic neighborhood that existed in the site area after the mission (circa 1850-1950) have been discovered. Analysis of all of these materials is underway.

For the summer of 1987, a larger project is planned. Road construction (tentatively scheduled for 1988) will affect a portion of the mission site, sealing it and preventing additional excavation for the foreseeable future. This area should include the orchardist's house, part of the east wing of the quadrangle, and other mission features. We hope to obtain an adequate sample of the affected areas in time to know what is being covered.

Anyone interested in participating in some aspect of the Mission project should contact Dr. Dave Huelsbeck, Department of Anthropology-Sociology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053. Phone (408) 554-2794. We will be digging next summer. Plan to participate or visit.

SANTA CRUZ MISSION: After four years of field excavations at the Lost Adobe site near the Santa Cruz Mission, the huge task of sorting and classifying the artifacts continues. Archaeologist Larry Bourdeau of Pacific Museum Consultants has undertaken the study of the 87,940 fragments of glass found during the sifting of 39 cubic meters of dirt.

Although the disturbance of the earth around the Lost Adobe has made any clear cut association of glass fragments with datable cultural features impossible, Bourdeau has been able to sort the glass fragments into four periods of occupation. These are the Spanish Mission Era (ca. 1791-1820), the Mexican Post-Mission Era (ca. 1821-1849), Early American Statehood (ca.1850-1902), and the Contemporary Twentieth Century (ca. 1903-present).

Some of the earliest fragments are the most fascinating. These consist of pieces of imported European black glass ale bottles, and green wine and champagne bottles. In addition, a few fragments of blue and white "latticinio" patterned glass were found, which may provide a tie to similar glass from the Catalan Province of Spain. Bourdeau speculates that these "latticinio" pieces may be the remains of a vase or bowl, which would have been brought to the Santa Cruz Mission from Spain via Mexico.

Several fragments that may also be associated with the Spanish Mission Era show evidence of bifacial edge modification, indicating that they may have been modified for some purpose, perhaps for use as tools by the mission's neophytes.

SANTA CRUZ MISSION ADOBE: Archaeological excavation under and behind the last remaining portion of the Santa Cruz Mission in the city of Santa Cruz, California has been carried out under the field direction of State Archaeological Project Leader Karen Hildebrand. Historical research on the project has been focused on the excavation of the living floors underneath the building which date back to the time it was occupied by Indian neop4yte families both during the mission times and in the post-secularization period (ca. 1824-1850). Evidence of native peoples in cultural transition has been found, including bone bead manufacturing and possible indications of shoemaking activities.

In the backyard the foundation of a kitchen dating back to the 1850s is currently being excavated. It is as yet uncertain whether this structure was attached to or separate from the main building. Edna Kimbro is engaged in research relating to the form of Mexican and Spanish kitchens with special interest in learning what the archaeological manifestations of some of the cooking features such as hornillos would be. She has indications that these may resemble the potagers utilized by French Canadians and Louisiana Arcadian peoples. If anyone has information on such kitchens, please get in touch with Edna Kimbro, Branciforte Adobe, 1351 North Branciforte Avenue, Santa Cruz, CA 95062.

SANTA CRUZ, TANNING VAT: Archaeological Consulting and Research Services worked on one historic project recently. Construction for a single family dwelling on Escalona Street in Santa Cruz unearthed the remains of a Mission Period tanning vat which was subsequently exposed through archaeological excavations. The vat, which probably dates to ca. 18051810, was almost completely intact and one of four which, in all likelihood, were placed end-to-end in a single architectural feature. The remaining vats appear to extend onto an adjacent parcel and are situated beneath an old carriage house or garage. The vat was constructed of limestone and mortar to form its walls, the floor of the vat is tiled. The floor of the vat slopes to one comer toward a drain placed at the base of one of the walls. The interior was surfaced with Roman cement and the walls capped with a single course of sandstone. We are just beginning to prepare a report on this feature, specifics regarding the vat will be contained in the same. Persons interested in a copy of the report can contact ACRS or the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, where we will file a copy.

SANTA INÉS MISSION: The University of California, Santa Barbara, Center for Archaeological Studies has just completed a six-week excavation at Santa Inés Mission under the direction of Julia G. Costello. The Mission is planning to build a new parish hall over the remains of 12 rooms of the front wing of the original quadrangle. Construction will "float" the new building over the historic remains; direct impacts are limited to the perimeter and cross wall foundations and other necessary utility trenching. The archaeological work was confined to these construction trenches and to the exposure of specific features.

The testing phase, conducted in this same area in 1984 by Julia Costello and UCSB, recorded sequences of floors in several of the rooms, analyzed plaster samples from various construction sources, distinguished Mission period and Post-Mission period faunal remains, and proposed a difference in importance between the front and rear rows of rooms based on physical remains. The present mitigation phase will build on this earlier work.

The artifacts are now undergoing analysis and work on the final report has begun.

MISSION SAN LUIS REY, OCEANSIDE, CALIFORNIA

Dr' Patricia A. Lawry, Associate Professor, University of San Diego, continues her research on the Restoration Period of Mission San Luis Rey. Dr. Lawry's major concentration has been in the early restoration era from 1892-1920S period. She has collected a number of photographs and sketches which she has made into slides for presentation purposes. On June 13, she will present Glimpses of Early Restoration - Fr. Joseph 1. O'Keefe, O.F.M. to Fr. Antonio Peyri, O.F.M. at the Mason Street School in Old Town, San Diego.

Under the guidance of Fr. Michael Weishaar, O.F.M., Director of the Mission, Mission staff members Mrs. Edith Eddy, Brother Leo Gonzales, and Dr. Lawry have been coordinating materials for dissemination to mission visitors and tourists.

Miss Mary Whelan, a graduate of the Art Department of the University of San Diego, with a specialization in museum work and Art History, is the new curator of the museum at the mission. She is a student of Professor Teresa Whitcomb who planned and directed the restoration of the present museum. The museum is quite extensive and is beautifully constructed. It has received much applause and favorable comment from visitors. In the fine tradition begun by Professor Whitcomb, Mary Whelan is currently working on the preservation of the vestment collection which is the largest collection in all of the California missions.

The museum is open to visitors Monday through Saturday, 10-4 PM, and Sunday 12 Noon to 4 PM.

FROM THE FORT GUIJARROS QUARTERLY

The following articles are reprinted from the FORT GUIJARROS QUARTERLY, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1987. The FORT GUIJARROS QUARTERLY is published by the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation, a non-profit organization incorporated in 1981. The Foundation commemorates and preserves the heritage of Ballast Point and Point Loma. For information write: Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation, P.O. Box 231500, San Diego, CA 92123.

FORT GUIJARROS OCCUPATION (1796-1835)

When Spain began to experience hostile incursions into Californian territories in the 1790's, the Viceroy of Mexico directed the Governor of California to assign engineers and architects to develop fortifications. Intended primarily to establish political dominion, the fortifications were never anticipated to do more than hold back invaders until civilian populations could flee back into the countryside.

The location of Punta de los Guijarros as a fortification site was recommended by Miguel Costanso and designed by Engineering Lieutenant Alberto de Cordoba. The actual designs or sketches used by Brigadier Pablo Sanchez to critique and improve the fort or by Cordoba to oversee its construction have evaded nine years of historic research by associates of the Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation. Dr. Steve Colston has led that research through 18 rolls of microfilm from the National Archives of Mexico City.

The current analysis of the 1981 data and architectural pieces may prove to be the only direct evidence of what the fort looked like. Analogies are being drawn from forts of about the same size built in the 1790's in San Francisco and Vera Cruz, Mexico. This work will be the subject of a future paper.

In 1983, the Fort Guijarros Volunteers embarked upon an ambitious search for the parade grounds behind the walls of Fort Guijarros. This required designing a test unit the size of a small room. As the crew dug down through the landfill from World War II, the 1898 battery Wilkeson earth covering, and the 1873 earthen pad, wooden shoring was constructed to sheath the sides and cross-beam the center. At two meters, a concrete drain from the 1873 earthworks was encountered which keyed-in to the architectural renderings from the U.S. National Archives. The test unit was labeled "Field IV."

The bottom of Field IV under the 1873 earthen fill and concrete drain was white beach sand. Labeled IV-1-9, the sand was carefully scraped away. It was actually a lamination of interbedded gravels and sands from high tides. Underneath was a dark gray wet clay embedded with fired red clay tiles, split animal bones, and marine shells.

The dark clay stratum was labeled IV-1-10, and has been interpreted to have been formed by a shallow pond inside the walls of Fort Guijarros. The clay was actually very fine silt with a clay content which soured when organic matter decomposed in the high water table. The organic material probably was garbage and trash discarded by Spanish occupants of the fort.

Perhaps the most exciting find for an archaeologist, trash pits provide "time capsules!' of dietary data on the people who created them. The clay from our trash pit was scooped out intact and placed in a box screen with 1/16th inch mesh. Buckets of water were carefully poured over the clay and agitated by hand. This cleaning process broke down the clay and revealed thousands of artifacts, bones, shells, and natural gravels. Analysis of the fish bone, animal bone, and marine shell by specialists will enable a statistical demonstration of the diets of the occupants of the fort.

Although the analysis of the domesticated bone will be the subject of a future paper, it is interesting to report that all of this class of bone was "radially split." Breaking food bones in this manner exposes the marrow, which indicates that the bone was intended for stews, soups, or casseroles.

Most significant to this discussion was the array of ceramics recovered in IV-2-10. The ceramics were clearly late 18th and very early 19th century Spanish. Key to this conclusion were the sherds of Mexican Majolica plates. Only Spanish commissaries and government suppliers had access to the types of ceramics known as Majolica (pronounced "Ma-yo-leeca"). It is a tin-glazed earthen pottery which looked like China until breakage revealed the pottery core.

Majolica types in this feature include Wavy Rim Blue-on-white (1790-1810) and Monterey Polychrome (1800-1830). Associated were Mexican Galera Ware plate, bowl, and pitcher sherds. This lead-glazed common red pottery dates after 1790 and was not imported after 1846 to California. The Spanish-controlled Manilla Galleon trade is indicated by the presence of a Canton blue-on-white platter sherd, a Chinese Blue-on-white vessel, a white Porcelain cup lip, and a Chinese Overglaze cup sherd. Large quantities of Kumayaay Indian Tizon Brown Ware were in the trash pit.

In 1984, a second large and deep pit was excavated adjacent to Field IV. This was labeled "Field VII" and it too was showed like a cross-braced wooden room. Unlike Field IV, no 1873 concrete drain was found and the sought-after architecture of the barracks or kitchen was not found. In one comer lay another trash pit similar to IV-2-10. This one differed m some respects and was labeled "VH-1-7."

This feature was shallower and contained less of all categories. The ceramics were more typical of the pre-1800 era, but the low frequency suggests caution in pronouncing this feature as earlier than IV-2-10. The datable pieces were Wavy Rim Blue-on-white and San Elizario Polychrome. Both of these Majolica types are primarily decorated with blue-on-white design elements, the latter being more elaborate and accented with black lines. Associated were Mexican Galera Ware plate sherds, a Tonala Polychrome water pitcher sherd, and numerous sherds of Tizon Brown Ware.

CONCLUSIONS

As the analysis of the ceramics progresses toward statistical tabulations, the above generalizations can be refined. The synthesis will also improve with the completion of reports on such artifact categories as buttons, clay pipes, and glass.

Key to their analyses are the general statements which date the strata by ceramic and historical associations. The use of historical overviews written by Steve Colston and this author are necessary in order to properly interpret the context within which the artifact classes functioned. Unusual or unexpected patterns can then be examined.

To reverse the presentation, now that the associations have been correlated in the order encountered in the excavations, conclusions can be proposed. The ceramic types recovered clearly refine what was learned in archival research.

First, the ceramics from features IV-2-10 and VII1-7 date these trash pits to the Spanish occupation of Fort Guijarros. The total lack of European or U.S American ceramics points to the period when Spain was able to control its territory. This conclusion suggests that the future analyses of the food remains may become indices for other scholars working on Spanish military sites.

Second, the ceramics dumped in the midden over the walls of Fort Guijarros by Johnson Company whalers and their families reveals significant new information on the domestic life of these people. Nowhere in the archival literature is there such revealing information on the furnishing of the whaler's homes. Moreover, the preponderance of English artifacts might suggest a cultural preference for English ale and even the ethnic origins of the Johnson family.

Finally, the ceramics have confirmed the dates and furnishings of the Quartermaster Department of the Coast Artillery Corps between 1902 and 1924. The presence of nice European and Oriental tableware hints of the domestic tastes of married soldiers during this period. The actual selection of the domestic pieces might even reflect foreign service in World War I or China.

Ronald V. May, Director of Archaeology, Fort Guijwos Museum Foundation

THE FAMILIES OF THE PRESIDIO DE SAN DIEGO

The Presidio de San Diego housed the Mission San Diego de Alcala during the first five years of its existence form 1769 to 1774. During that time there were soldiers, priests, and Indians living within the. presidio walls. There was only one married soldier stationed there at that time, with two children. It was not until after the Anza Expedition in 1775 that "families" came to live at the presidio.

These presidio families were military families in every sense of the word, and that meant mobility. These families had to be prepared to pack everything and move, at any time, to the garrisons at San Gabriel, San Juan Capistrano, San Luis Rey, the San Diego Mission (which was now five miles east of the presidio), or anywhere they were needed, even to northern California.

To the people who lived there, the presidio and its walls were never really "theirs." They were just "military housing." Most of these people had come to Alta California to start new lives for themselves and that meant owning land and a home, a place of permanence. But for as long as they were military personnel, living in a military fort, there was very little -permanence in their lives. They I were waiting for a time when they would be given land to build their house as payment for their service to Spain.

Of the soldiers who lived with their families in San Diego before 1800, there were few who ended up owning permanent homes and developing a civilian settlement here. Some of these early military families who stayed into the Mexican Period, which began in 1822, and helped to develop San Diego as a pueblo were the Lopezes, Carrillos, Osumas, Pictos, Alvarados, Ortegas, Serranos, Silvas, Amadors, Alvarezes, lbarras, Penas, Sotos, Aguilars, Cotas, Marrons, and others. These families settled here because they were given land and built homes here after the men had left military service.

Many families who had been living at the San Diego Presidio left because the land they were given was elsewhere. The list of these names included the Sepulvedas, Villavicencios, Dominguezes, Oliveras, Felizes, Lisaldes, Lugos, Yorbas, Verdugos, Monroys, Duartes, Valenzuelas, Villalobos, Espinosas, Vallejos, Castros, and many more.

There were also families who had served the Crown in other areas of New Spain and who came to San Diego late in the Spanish Period or even into the Mexican Period to make their permanent homes. The Machados didn't come to San Diego until after 1805. The Arguellos and Bandinis came to San Diego after 1818 and the Estudillos came after 1824. Permanent houses did not start to develop in San Diego until the very end of the Spanish Period, in the 1810's. These were houses that were built by men who had finally retired from military service. They were located mostly in Mission Valley near the river where the families could cultivate small gardens for their sustenance. Unfortunately, almost all of these houses were destroyed in 1821 when Mission Valley flooded. It was not until the Mexican Period, which began in 1822, that a permanent civilian settlement could be planned in the area of Old Town. After this happened, the garrison at the San Diego Presidio was reduced to a token number. It is no surprise that this "temporary military housing" soon fell into ruin.

Corey Jon Braun, Chairman, Descendants of Early San Diego Pioneers

CMSA STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT

1987 CMSA conference, funds collected	$5,727.50
Sale of posters at conference	$550.00
Total proceeds from conference	$6,277.50
1987 CMSA conference expenses	$3,080.86
Income from conference	$3,196.64
Account balance as of 3/25/87	$2,826.95
Balance in CMSA account	$6,023.59

Note: this is an approximate accounting record. Some items from the conference are still pending. An accurate accounting is being prepared for presentation to the new Executive Board.

HAVE YOU PAID YOUR DUES??

If you would like to remain a member of CMSA, -please send your membership dues of $10.00 to: Frank Ducey, Treasurer, P.O. Box 102, Laguna Beach, CA 92652.
Unpaid members will be dropped from the next mailing of the Newsletter!! .