NOTES FROM THE PRESIDENT
by
Gil Sanchez, AIA, Santa Cruz, CA

The Annual Meeting and Conference at Mission San Fernando last February was a great success. Thanks to Ken Pauley, who was the prime organizer, and to all the other volunteers who pitched in to help. And thanks to Father Weber for having us at the mission.

For those of you who may have missed the Conference, a brief business meeting was held at the banquet. The membership approved the organization's by-laws (which contain a mechanism for revision as needed) and agreed upon the following schedule for upcoming Annual Meetings:
1989 Mission San Juan Bautista
1990 Mission Loreto (or Ensenada), Baja California, Mexico
1991 Mission Santa Cruz (if restoration is completed)
1992 Mission La Purisima
1993 Save the dates of February 3, 4, and 5 in 1989 for the next Annual Meeting. Father Santamaria has invited us to the mission in San Juan Bautista, a wonderful small town surrounded by hills and full of Mission Period and 1860s architecture. A reception will be held in the bar-room of the historic Plaza Hotel, and two exceptional speakers have been lined up to inform and entertain us. All we need are your presentations - a Call for Papers will be forthcoming. San Juan Bautista is located just off Highway 101, an hour south of San Jose and an hour east from Monterey. Call my office if you have any questions regarding the conference (408) 438-0888. See you there!

PUBLICATIONS... PUBLICATIONS

CMSA members now have an opportunity to have their published works housed in the Santa Clara University Library. Any members who would like to take advantage of this unique opportunity should submit their published works to Dave Huelsbeck. Dave will then take them to the library for cataloging, etc.

CMSA-QUO VADIS?
by
Frank D. Ducey

INTRODUCTION
As we approach the fifth anniversary of the founding of our California Mission Studies Association (CMSA) at Mission San Juan Capistrano in January 1984, it is appropriate that we not only look back at what we have accomplished, but more importantly look ahead to the future in two time frames; the near term, i.e., the next five years, and the long term beyond.

Our accomplishments to date are readily apparent and can be quickly identified by our membership: newsletter, annual meeting, and a bank account. More importantly, however, at this time, we should be utilizing these resources to focus on what we want to do in the two time frames mentioned above, with emphasis on the next five years.

It is my belief that after a five-year journey, the CMSA has arrived at a fork in the road, i.e., two optional paths leading into the future. One fork is "Business as usual" for the next five years, so that in February 1994, we may have a few more members, a few more newsletters, and a few more dollars in the bank. The second is for a more ambitious path that leads to the beginning of the fulfillment of our initial objectives as stated in our bylaws:

to preserve, advance and promote the Hispanic period historic resources in the State of California.

to advance and promote development of archaeological, historical, museum, and archival resources.

to promote, conduct, and coordinate research projects resulting in the preservation and restoration of period landmarks, and

to encourage and support educational opportunities for interested students of the Hispanic period and for persons of the public community regardless of color, race, creed, sex, or age.

BACKGROUND
Two hundred years ago, Father Serra laid the ground-work for what we have inherited today in Alta California. We are fortunate that the King of Spain was motivated by the threat of Russian expansion from the North and also by the potential of extending the Spanish presence in the New World, north and west of Mexico. Father Serra's primary incentives were the education and baptism of Native Americans in order to prepare them not only for the drastic changes in this life, but also for entry into eternal life that would surely follow.

So, at this time I would like to ask you to consider the following questions:

What are/ should be our incentives?

Why have we formed the CMSA?

Why are we members?

Why are we publishing a newsletter?

Why do we hold annual meetings?

Our objectives stated above were developed when we filed for tax exemption status from the State of California and  the U.S. Federal Government. So now, what do we want to do, move forward with a real program, containing measurable milestones in accordance with an activity schedule just like any other major endeavor requires to be successful., or?

THE OPPORTUNITIES
Here in Alta California, we are in a unique position regarding the social, cultural, and economic origins that can be traced back over two hundred years to what were then the earliest European established communities at twenty-one relatively unknown sites in the New World, almost three centuries after Columbus' initial discoveries. Accordingly, this unique position provides us with unique opportunities to examine, not only the period since the mid-eighteenth century, but also prior to that time wherever traces of Native American inhabitants may be found.

But what are these opportunities; what would the CMSA do if an angel suddenly appeared and said, "you will be provided with unlimited funds to pursue your objectives, just submit research project proposals, and they will be supported." OK, let's play this game with the following scenario. Let's imagine that each mission was offered unlimited funding next year through CMSA that could only be used to initiate and manage projects through to completion that are considered to be consistent with the CMSA objectives. CMSA members could provide the necessary services to solicit project proposals, screen the resultant submittals, and develop recommendations for authorization of the necessary funding after comparison and consideration of proposals for what might be similar projects at other missions. In this manner, there could be demonstrated advantage to assigning a high funding priority rating to those projects that would offer a potential development of information at one mission that might be complimentary and/or related to data from projects at other missions on a chronological, cultural, or technical basis, thereby maximizing the overall return for expended funds.

FUTURE OPTIONS
In order to reach out in 1989 and establish an expedition road map that will set us moving along that second fork in the road, I would like to suggest that we focus our efforts in the following areas:

Current CMSA members meet on a "regional" basis during the year between our annual conferences. For openers, we could look at three regions: northern, central, and southern California. The objectives of these regional meetings would be to:

Increase active memberships

Identify potential research projects

Identify candidate project sponsors

Identify project resource requirements

Prepare project proposal guidelines

Solicit proposals for research projects

Submit proposal responses with recommendations to CMSA Board of Directors for evaluation at quarterly meeting

Work with the CMSA Board to develop project activity reports for inclusion in the newsletter and presentation to the membership at the next annual meeting

Between now and our fifth Annual Meeting next February in San Juan Bautista, I will prepare further thoughts on these areas so that we might have a "Ways and Means" workshop discussion to initiate these activities in 1989. I would hope that our CMSA membership would also develop input for these discussions and that we could identify regional CMSA members who would serve on these subcommittees as liaison between the Mission research project and the CMSA Board. Feel free to submit any thoughts in writing to the Board and/or bring them to San Juan Bautista so that we might include them in the workshop discussions.

SUMMARY
In conclusion, as we move into the last half of our decade, we have the opportunity to take advantage of our current position and move out aggressively to increase membership and initiate research projects consistent with our stated objectives. I would like to think that if Father Serra came to the February meeting, he would be happy with what we have accomplished in five years, and he would encourage us to "press on" with an ambitious program to unite all Alta California Missions in a coordinated effort that includes research, preservation, and educational activities which he would certainly be actively involved with if he was living among us today.

Let's talk about this in February, and plan to make 1989 the year that the invisible hand of Father Serra returns to lead us in Alta California to a better understanding of our past, in the context of present challenges, and to provide a path to our eternal life together along the El Camino Real.

INDIAN TRADE ROUTES
by
Walt Wheelock

Reports of early trade pattern between the Arizona-Sonora Indians and those of the Californias are quite rare. Normally, the first described is that of Fr. Kino, who after a trip to the Rio Colorado in 1698, decided that the "blue shells" he collected could have only come from the Pacific shores. However, an analysis of Cabrillo's log of 1542 leads to a more detailed network of earlier trade routes.

Sailing north from Cabo San Lucas, he only found small Indian groups living in poverty until he reached Bahia San Quintin. Here were several villages and the Indians told him that there were other men with beards, crossbows, and horses who had been at a location five days toward the interior. As he continued northward, this story was repeated many times until Kelsey, in his excellent volume, CABRILLO, felt that the explorers were almost bored by the reported story of bearded Christians marching through the interior.

It was near Ventura that they heard this story for the final time, and by now the Spaniards were seven days' journey away and on a great river. Thinking these Spaniards could have been from Alarcón's second expedition, he sent a letter inland with some Indians who were going in this direction.

Not only did Rodriquez think these were Alarcón's men, but many another historian has assumed it would be the expeditions of Alarcón or Ulloa. But since neither carried horses, so vividly described, we must look to another source.

When Coronado was seeking Quivira, he dispatched Melchior Díaz to make an overland trip to the head of the Gulf of California and possibly on to the South Sea (Pacific Ocean). A scouting expedition had journeyed down the Rio Sonora to the coast. Here they were informed that the Indians had seen ships sailing north. It is logical to assume that Díaz would have likewise traveled to the coast, then followed it northward to the Colorado. Bolton is sure that he had followed the Kino-Anza route through Pima land, and that the arid coast was not passable. However, it is common knowledge among present Seris that this was a well-used route until a few years ago.

On arriving at the lower Colorado, he was unable to make a crossing, so explored north to the Yuma Crossing.

As he started to cross, a large crowd of warriors gathered and shot arrows. So "the horsemen began to overtake them and lances cut them down mercilessly and the musket men were also making fine shots" and many Indians were killed.

Díaz then crossed the river and went on for fifty leagues, until he found the land very sandy, windy, and full of large, high dunes. Here they reached hot sandbanks, where the ashes bubbled up in several places. This is an excellent description of the "mud volcanos" of the Salton Sink, near Obsidian Butte, the only source of obsidian in Southern California, which was a valuable trade item for Indian arrowsmiths.

Díaz retreated, but on the way became enraged at a dog that was chasing his weary sheep. Charging, he hurled a lance, which missed the poor dog and lodged in the earth. Díaz was unable to stop his charge and was impaled on the lance shaft. His faithful soldiers carried him on a litter for some twenty days, hoping to reach a priest to confess their wounded captain, but he passed away January 18, 1541. He was buried on a lonely hill and a cross erected.

It was on August 12, 1542, that Juan Rodriguez first heard of these inland Spaniards from the Indians near San Quintin. At San Diego, he was shown by gestures "that these bearded men threw lances and rode horses and had killed many natives." In fact this was as good a description of the confrontation as Obregon's written report.

The location of the Indians who had news of this would indicate possible trade routes. First, such a route would run south from the Yuma Crossing, over the San Matias Pass to the sites of Missions San Vicente and Santo Domingo. Arrillaga scouted this route in 1796, reaching the Colorado Delta from San Vicente. In 1827, James Ohio Pattie led a troop of trappers from the Lower Colorado to Mission San Vicente, over what appeared to be a well-traveled route.

Díaz's route to the "mud volcanos" was similar to that of Sebastian Taraval, who fled from San Gabriel in 1773. If Díaz had continued for another day, he would have found water and reached La Cienega de San Sebastian and would have continued to his "South Sea." From here trade routes led across the Cuyamacas to the site of Mission San Diego and north to the site of San Gabriel. Juan Rodriguez' Indian reports had originated near San Diego and later at San Pedro and Ventura, both within the trade field of Mission San Gabriel.

References

Kelsey, Harry, CABRILLO, San Marino, 1986.

Hammond and Rey, NARRATIVES OF THE CORONADO EXPEDITION, Albuquerque, 1940.

HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS AVAILABLE
by
Paul Farnsworth, Ph.D.
UCLA Museum Of Cultural History

Members of the CMSA may be interested to know of the existence of some photographs which were recently shown to me by Barry Courtney, a photograph collector who was visiting California on vacation. It is thought that the photographs were taken by H. Marcus Moran of Pennsylvania around the turn-of-the-century. Included in the collection are photographs of the following missions: Capistrano, La Puriíima, Santa Barbara (four photos), San Gabriel bell tower, and San Francisco (Dolores). There is also a photograph of an unidentified adobe which may also be mission-related. For those interested in photographs, other subjects include some interesting snow clearing scenes in the Sierras, a series of hunting trip photos, shots of Kings Canyon, Shasta Springs, an unidentified observatory, Mount Shasta, Burlingame, Monterey, and Sitka, Alaska.

Mr. Courtney wants to make copies of the photographs available to any historical researchers who are interested in them. If you wish to find out more about the photographs or arrange to obtain copies, please contact:

Barry Courtney
Rt. 4 Box 6436
Crawfordville, FL 32327
Telephone: (904) 421-1456

Mr. Courtney would also be happy to hear from anyone who can supply more information about H. Marcus Moran and his photographs.

PRESERVING MISSION COLLECTIONS OF HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPHS, Fourth in a Series
by
George R. Jamgochian, Ph.D., CSU Long Beach

The fourth part in this series addresses the conservation of black-and-white photographs, which probably represent the major portion of the mission collection of images. from earlier days. The reason for exploring this subject has been to inform mission personnel that photographs are perishable if no organized system has been established to help preserve them. Prints and the original negatives represent a visual link with the past. Fortunately, a vast body of technical data are available to assist those persons entrusted with the responsibilitv of maintaining the archival collections. An overview of basic guidelines will be given as a means of introducing the various elements to be considered. However, because of the many different types of photographic papers and negatives that still exist, additional references will be listed. The purpose is to encourage museum curators to seek out and utilize the best technical procedures and processes now available for maintaining a collection.

ARCHIVAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR BLACK & WHITE PHOTOGRAPHS
The following technical data used in this section have been obtained from publications of Ilford, Inc., a British manufacturer of photographic films and papers. Ilford's best paper for permanent black-and-white prints is their Ilfobrom Galarie Fiber Base Paper. They have established an archival processing sequence. Ilford observes the American National Standard Institute's recommendations for maximum print permanence PH-4-32-1974. The photographic scientists at Ilford have formulated chemicals for the fixing and washing cycle.

Ilford underscores the importance of the skills and techniques of the printer as being as important as their recommended process. Attention to detail, an awareness of the function at each stage in the process, care in handling materials, all play a park in making prints of the highest quality. Ilford claims that their new 23 minute archival processing sequence is equal to or better than the more than 60 minute sequence of the ANSI publication.

STORAGE & CONSERVATION OF PRINTS FOR ARCHIVAL PURPOSES
Photographs are subject to damage as is any other art form. They must be treated with care as outlined in ANSI Standards PH 1.48-1974 and PH 4.20-1958. Prints should be stored under precise conditions of controlled humidity and temperature - with minimum daily cycling within prescribed limits. Storage, Ilford points out, should be in total darkness at 30-50 percent humidity. Temperatures should be maintained between 68š F and 77š F.

A daily cycling of greater than 7š F should be avoided. When any mission photographs need to be viewed, tungsten illumination should be used. There is too much ultraviolet radiation in daylight or fluorescent light tubes.

When handling these archival prints, the surface should never be touched with the fingers. They will transfer grease or acid to the photographs. White gloves should always be worn when handling original prints.

The envelopes or containers used for storing photographs must be made of suitable materials. Cabinets made from newly varnished or bleached woods should be avoided. Resins and glues used in their construction release fumes which will damage the prints over the years. Baked enamel metal boxes and filing cabinets are probably the safest for storage and offer some measure of fire protection.

Individual boxes, envelopes, and sleeves used for storing prints should be ones designed specifically for that purpose. The glue in the seams of manila envelopes can cause problems over a period of time. Plastic sleeves are usually made of PVC. This type of plastic can release chlorine and other harmful gases, which will affect the life of the print. Mylar and Estar sleeves, while expensive, are inert polyesters and are much safer for storage. This ANSI Standard is PH 4.20-1958.

The next step in the overall sequence is matting the print. The print should not be allowed to come in direct contact with the framing glass. The needed separation can be done with an overmat. The print surface will then be protected from abrasion. Cellulose types of adhesive tape must be avoided when matting prints. They will liquefy and stain the print in contact with them. There are special types available for archival use.

It is also important to plan for a border of at least one inch, which can then surround the actual print image. Since the first signs of deterioration usually occur at the edges of a print, the border will protect the print from external contamination.

References for Additional Information

American National Standards Institute. A CATALOG OF STANDARDS New York, 10018.

Eastman Kodak. CONSERVATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS. New York ($29.95).

Rempel, Siegfried. THE CARE OF PHOTOGRAPHS. New York: Nick Lyons Books. ($16.95).

Ritzenthafer, Munoff, and Long. ARCHIVES AND MANUSCRIPTS: ADMINISTRATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1984.

Keefe, Laurence, Jr., and Dennis Inch. THE LIFE OF A PHOTOGRAPH: ARCHIVAL PROCESSING, MATTING, FRAMING, AND STORAGE. Boston: Focal Books, 1984. ($22.95).

Weinstein, Robert, and Larry Booth. COLLECTION, USE AND CARE OF HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1977.

Welling, William. COLLECTOR'S GUIDE TO 19TH CENTURY PHOTOGRAPHS. New York: Collier Books. ($7.95).

OVERVIEW OF EXCAVATIONS IN THE PUEBLO OF SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO-SUMMER 1988
by
Randi Hawkins

If you are a resident of San Juan Capistrano or outlying areas, or had passed through town this summer, you may have noticed an unusual account of archaeological excavation going on. The city of San Juan is undergoing extensive changes under the auspices of redevelopment, and it's altering the face and character of this charming community forever.

Early in the season on a typical day in May, a tourist or resident could witness archaeologists uncovering the remains of the Valenzuela and Avila adobes bordering the main street of Camino Capistrano. This block faces the old mission and is virtually at the heart of town where shops and restaurants are located. Dedicated archaeologists probed for the remains of the mission orchard wall lying to the west of the adobe foundations. The walls are made of cobblestones and, in some cases, of dressed stone that may have been recycled from the mission complex after the earthquake of 1812, when the great stone church collapsed. Many portions of the wall had adobe, tile, and butchered cow bone found in association. If you were there on a Saturday, you may have noticed concerned citizens and members of the local band of Juaneño Mission Indians protesting plans for the development of this historical site.

Two blocks east of the Franciscan Plaza site is another three acres now owned by the city, where archaeologists uncovered more remains of the orchard walls along Yorba Street. Here, underneath the old pepper trees, one could feel a sense of the bygone days of early California. A few older, nearby houses and adobes testified to the existence of early settlers; Tizon Brown Ware or Mission Ware potsherds of the Indians. This area is on the periphery of the possible site of the ethnographic village of Ahachmai. Later the Mendelson Inn was built there, where it prospered from 1870 until the 1930s. Directly across Yorba Street is the site of the old town Plaza where adobe tiles and metates were discovered.

Further east again at the site of the new Sizzler restaurant now under construction on Del Obispo Street, another section of orchard wall is being preserved as a reminder of the past. A series of walls southwest of there at yet another construction site contains an unusual feature: where two walls meet and would form a right angle, a curve appears instead. These walls are associated with roof tile which probably served as a cap or facing. If any section is to be preserved at this site, it should be the corner.

Discovering and defining cultural resources is almost always a race against time just ahead of the bulldozer's blade. San Juan Capistrano is one of the most highly sensitive areas, both archaeologically and historically, in the southland, if not the most sensitive. Given the constrains of time and budgets, archaeologists have done their best to uncover an intact portion of California's history and prehistory in the lovely valley of San Juan Capistrano. We feel we have made a significant contribution to the community and the public, while living and working as guests of the City of San Juan Capistrano.

A SAMPLE OF NATIVE AMERICAN (JUANENO) AND ENGLISH TERMS
by
Etta Rommel, San Juan Capistrano Museum

Some suggestions for the pronunciation of Harrington's transcription are as follows:

h kl mn p s t v w y are pronounced approximately as in English.

The apostrophe (') represents the glottal stop, the sound in the middle of English oh-oh!

The consonant X is the fricative sound of German ch in Bach or of Spanish j in José..

The nasal consonant n is like English ng in singer.

Accent falls on next-to-last syllable, unless otherwise indicated.

Vowels, a, e, i,o, u, have approximately the same values as in Spanish vaca, Pepe, shico, torn, luna.

The consonant S is like an English s in sin with the tongue-tip curled back somewhat.

The spelling tc represents the sound of English ch as in chin.

The following is a list of English words and their Native American (Juaneño) equivalent:

ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIND PITS PROGRESS AGAINST PRESERVATION
(from the ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER, March 7, 1988 ~
article edited for length)
by
Nicole Brodeur

But there is controversy.

While the city has plans for a newly designed 125-room inn, specialty shopping area and restaurant, a local group is pushing to have history repeat itself in the center of town.

The issue evolved last month, after a city-mandated archaeological study of the eight-acre development area off Ortega Highway turned up the foundations of several adobes thought to be built in the late 1700s.

Nick Magalousis, a Chapman College archaeology professor and a member of the city's Cultural and Heritage Commission subcommittee, said that about 90 small white-washed adobe houses stood in rows on both sides of El Camino

During the archaeological study, performed in January by LSA Inc. of Irvine, workers discovered the foundations, other Indian artifacts and a section of a well they believe was used by most who lived in the town.

The foundations were found running east to west when six trenches were dug on lots off El Camino Real between Ortega Highway and Forster Street.

"You must realize that these are in excellent condition," Magalousis said. "There is a well-defined walking surface and stones from the foundation visible right now. You look at this area and say, 'Oh well, just a vacant lot,' but scratch the surface and it's a whole different story" he said.

Twice in the past month, Friends of Historic San Juan Capistrano has urged the City Council to incorporate the foundations into the project. John Tattam, president of the 35-member group and docent at the Mission San Juan Capistrano, said the adobes could be rebuilt and used to house the shops the city wanted to build,

Also, Tattam has suggested that instead of a newly designed hotel, the city rebuild the Mendelson Inn, which was built in the late 1800s and demolished about 60 years ago. The group also would like to see the reconstruction of the Las Rosas adobe, once owned by the Forsters, a pioneer south County family.

"You'd have to make it commercial to make a go of it, Tattam said. City manager Stephen Julian said the city will not make any decisions until the LSA archaeologists complete their report, which is expected at the end of the month [March 881. "The council's got one hell of a job, to balance the archaeological and historical significance with the needs of the downtown," Julian said. "We're going to take all the time we need."

City officials said the project is planned mainly for the residents since there has not been a town center or main meeting area for decades.

The city had hoped to break ground on the project within 15 months, but the time it will take to study the finds has pushed the starting date back indefinitely according to Rick Zimmer, a community development administrator. The goal will be to recreate a town center which has its roots in the community, using old pictures and contemporary streetscapes to get a feel for how it looked during the Spanish period.

Magalousis said the finds will be judged based on how old they are, what remains, and their significance to other local historic landmarks, such as the mission, built in 1776. "These finds are becoming known throughout the state and are of a very high caliber," he said.

Members of the California Missions Studies Association are making known statewide what has come up in San Juan Capistrano. CMSA President Gil Sanchez of Santa Cruz wrote to the City Council last month asking to review a copy of the Historic Town Center environmental impact report and other materials.

NEWSLETTER

This is your forum. Start writing NOW! Let the membership know about your current projects, finds. Your articles do not need to be Pulitzer prize-winning. However, we do prefer double-spaced typed copy.

The Newsletter staff is Nick Magalousis, Clement Meighan, Fr. Paul Martin, and Ruth Zimmerman.

COMMENTS FROM MEMBERS OF CMSA
During a Tour of the Archaeological Excavation
in Downtown San Juan Capistrano, May 28, 1988

"The significance of the Old Town San Juan is enormous. I am incredibly impressed with the extent of material that is available, as far as good research material, maps, land tracts, and then the actual confirmation by the finding of structural foundations. All the elements are here to be able to reconstruct exactly, or very closely, what the earliest Spanish settlement was here at San Juan."

"A site - an entire town is what it appears to be -just the entire complex."

"The material is available and is here and can be preserved and studied in order to examine the patterns of colonization in the New World. The influence and the transmittal of architectural as well as artistic social organization, patterns that were introduced into the West Coast by Europeans.

The fact that Native American resources are found in situ, along with the colonial pieces, is also very rich because that will tell us an awful lot about the admixture of Native American culture with the European culture.

This is Orange County's greatest archaeological site (part of the Mission complex).

I think that you have as much material here as Old Town San Diego Historic State Park, and maybe more, because in that field probably, it has not been significantly damaged and the potential is there for reconstructing the Town Site on the order of Colonial Williamsburg.

I think this whole area in San Juan Capistrano offers Orange County, as well as the State of California, tremendous opportunity for education. We have very little except the few buildings that are standing to show our history and whatever we can learn in any way will certainly help. We need to see these things, not just cover them over, and bulldoze them. Europe has years, and years, and years of history they fall back on and are proud of

The Mission was not the only component of this town  the town, in fact, had a town, not just a Mission, it had a pueblo, Spanish-Mexican-Early American.

FURNACES ARE HOT TOPIC
(from the ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER, May 12, 1988)
by
Toni Mazzacane

Just because something is written in a history book doesn't necessarily mean it's true. That's what two Orange County men set out to prove when they each began studying two brick furnaces at the Mission San Juan Capistrano. The two combined their efforts a year and a half ago, and their findings will send California history books back to the printers for revision.

T.J. Koppenaal, a metallurgist and private consultant, and Nicholas Magalousis, an archaeology professor at Chapman College in Orange, documented that the furnaces were used for the production of wrought iron instead of tallow, proving that native Orange County Indians were more sophisticated than previously believed.

Historians had mislabeled the furnaces as a type of tallow-oven used by Indians in candle- and coap-making. It was assumed that all major metalwork performed during the Mission Period (1769-1812) took place in Mexico and that the finished product was traded to the missions along the California coast Koppenaal said.

The two researchers were recognized Friday by the American Society for Metals for their finding at a ceremony at the mission. The furnaces are the only existing metalworking furnaces in the chain of 21 California missions. A pleaque will be mounted near the furnaces, distinguishing them as an American Society for Metals historical landmark. Only seven or eight such appointments are made in the U.S. each year.

Koppenaal's curiosity got him started on his research 10 years ago. At the time, he was working for Ford Aerospace in Newport Beach. In his spare time he started looking into the origin of metalworking in California, he said. "It started with my interest as a metallurgist. It was a labor of love," Koppenaal said.

After reading dozens of books on the subject, he found that California had gone directly from the Stone Age to the Iron Age almost overnight. He set out to establish whether the missions had any evidence supporting that and to see for himself if ironwork was done at the missions. After finding out about the two furnaces at the Mission San Juan, he suspected they had been used for metalworking. He began to study ironwork in Spain and was able to identify and document that the furnaces were identical to a Catalin Forge, a furnace developed in the eighth century in the Catalonia region of Spain, he said.

The Spaniards began settling California in 1769. They brought blacksmiths from Mexico with them and trained Indians to use the furnaces, Koppenaal said. He contacted missions officials a year and a half ago to tell them of his findings. To Koppenaal's surprise, Magalousis, who is also the museum director at the mission, had also been involved in an archaeological study in which he was trying to prove that the furnaces were, in fact, used for metalworking.

"It was exciting because you had two researchers coming up with the same or very similar findings. I was encouraged that we were on the right track," Magalousis said. His investigations began in 1981. He was teaching archaeology at Chapman and Santa Ana colleges. An "extremely bright" student approached him, wanting to do extra work. The student wanted to do a project that was meaningful to history, Magalousis said.

He had the student, Scott McLeod, look into his suspicion that the furnaces at the mission had been mislabeled. Magalousis thought the furnaces were highly technical items for the area that at the time was considered frontier. McLeod began excavating slag samples of the furnaces and the areas surrounding them. The slides were examined by a professor at Chapman for their chemical content. The results proved that iron ore was used in the furnaces.

McLeod has since gone on to continue his studies in archaeology at the University of London, but Magalousis and Koppenaal worked together to continue gathering enough documentation to have their findings accepted by the academic world. And Friday's recognition isn't the end of their investigations. "We are on the threshold of exciting California history in this town," he said.

CALL FOR INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL SITES
(Reprinted from the BECKMAN CENTER FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY NEWS, Volume 5, Number 2, Fall 1988.)

The Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry receives occasional requests for information about historical sites related to the history of chemistry and chemical technology in the United States. A list of such sites might form the basis of a family vacation or school study tour.

A few sites are obvious. No list would be complete without the Joseph Priestley house in Northumberland, Pennsylvania; or the borax works in Death Valley, California. But what of electrochemical origins at Niagara Falls, New York; or the sulfur process in the Gulf states? And what of even less well-known, but equally intriguing, early industrial or experimental sites in small towns across the country?

Museums, too, form an important segment of the list of stops. Again, the major national museums are well known. But are there wonderful exhibits waiting.

If you know of any such sites, please send a note to Sites, Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry, 3401 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6228.

ACTIVITIES OF NOTE
from
Gil Sanchez, AlA

Gil has been busy and has submitted a brief summary of the sites he has recently worked on:

--Castro/Breen Adobe ~ Originally part of the structures of Mission San Juan Bautista. A structural assessment report was prepared because the west wall

--Sutter's Fort, Sacramento ~ A structural assessment investigation will be started on this historic adobe fort because wall cracking has occurred.

--Mission Santa Cruz Adobe Indian Quarters ~ Built circa 1824, they are under restoration by the State to an interpretative period of 1830.

--Mission San Gabriel-It is still closed because of the October 1987 earthquake. However, funds are slowly being acquired to start a study as to how to start the restoration.

--Sanchez Adobe, Los Angeles, CA ~ Gil was asked by the city to determine if there was still standing an historic adobe with all the additions and remodels- THERE IS.

--Albinger Archaeological Museum, Ventura, CA ~ First site of mission church and Indian barracks. Site was archaeologically exposed over 14 years ago by Roberta Greenwood and Associates. Gil is working with Roberta to mitigate erosion, reset stone foundations and develop an amphitheater for interpretation.

NEWS FROM FORT GUIJARROS

The Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation held their eighth annual fiesta on Saturday, September 17, 1988. The fiesta featured tours of the Foundation's current archaeological excavation, an authentic Spanish paella dinner and a keynote presentation by Professor Norman Neuerberg.

Members of the excavation crew led tours through the archaeological site. The site is a 19th century Yankee whaling camp on Ballast Point, suspected to have been operated by Prince William and Alphaeus Packard and their mariners. It is on the present U.S. Coast Guard Base, near the site of the 1890 lighthouse.

Anyone interested in finding out more about the foundation or membership should write: Fort Guijarros Museum Foundation, P.O. Box 231500, San Diego, CA 92123.

ITEMS OF INTEREST

Orange County's Centennial Celebration is under way. For centennial information, contact (714) 859-4000 or write Orange County Centennial, Inc., P.O. Box 1989, Santa Ana, CA 92702-1989.

COMING EVENTS--NOVEMBER

November 18, CAM Workshop, "Maximizing Charitable Giving to Museums: Estate and Tax Planning Tools." To be held at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. For further information, please contact: Cynthia Scott, California Association of Museums, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, phone (213) 744-3343.

CALL FOR PAPERS

--Archaeological Congress, sponsored by American Philological Association, American Schools of Oriental Research, Archaeological Institute of America, Conference on Underwater Archaeology, and the Society for Historical Archaeology to be held January 5-9, 1989 at the Convention Center in Baltimore, Maryland. For further information, contact either Co-chairperson of the Congress Program Committee: Elizabeth A. Corner (w) 301-396-3156 or (h) 301-490-5584; or Martha S. Joukowsky (w) 401-863-2306 or (h) 212-861-4331.

--Society for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, to be held at the Pacifica Hotel near Marina del Rey on March 16-18,1989. Abstracts should include the names of all authors (beginning with the name of the person presenting the paper), a title and an outline of 100 words or less. All presentations should have been made with the symposia chair. All abstracts should be sent to Constance Cameron, program chair, Museum of Anthropology California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. The deadline for abstracts is December 31, 1988.

--American Culture Association, "Cemeteries and Grave-markers" permanent section, is seeking proposals for its paper sessions scheduled for March 22-27, 1989 in St. Louis, Missouri. For more information contact: Richard E. Meyer, English Department, Western Oregon State College, Monmouth, Oregon 97361, 503-838-1220, ext 362.

PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST

NEWS FROM NATIVE CALIFORNIA. For subscription information, write Box 9145, Berkeley, CA 94709.

BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY is published twice a year by the Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. For subscription information, write to: William B. Jensen, Editor, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, M.L. 171, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221.

HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA is the title of a new series to be published by Coyote Press. The series editor will be Dr. David R. Huelsbeck of Santa Clara University. The purpose of the series is to publish important papers and monographs in California historical archaeology. Coyote Press specifically encourages submissions that include the data supporting the analytic conclusions.

Authors should submit three copies of manuscripts to Dr. David R. Huelsbeck, Department of Anthropology/Sociology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053. A copy or copies will be returned to the author for final editing (if necessary). Following this, a final corrected copy must be submitted IBM compatible (360K or 1.2M) or Macintosh (400 or 800K) disks (additional details will be supplied as needed). Final copies of all illustrations should be submitted at that time.

A fresh perspective on California mission history, CALIFORNIA MISSION GARDENS, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD takes you from the very beginning in 1769. The Franciscan friars brought seeds, fruit cuttings, and farming tools as their initial cargo. The early years of drought, floods, and meager crops gave way to abundance and finally secularization. The Teacher's Guide includes summary, questions, glossary, and a list of fruits and vegetables grown at the missions. Designed for fourth grade through adult education in color slide to video format or a 12 minute VHS videocassette for $39.50. For more information write the author, Eleanor Young, 123 Hoover Road, Soquel, CA 95073.

RECIPES

San Juan Capistrano Museum holds a Living History day on the last Saturday of each month. The program includes tortilla making, bread making, basket making, and a cast of living history players including Father Serra and Father Crespi.

The aroma of fresh baked bread, tortillas, and posole pervades the mission grounds attracting visitors like a magnet. An item that has been well received is the posole. We thought you might like to try this in your own kitchen! (See below.)

If you have any Native American or Spanish recipes you would like to share, please submit them for use in future newsletters.

INGREDIENTS FOR POSOLE
1 onion, chopped; 2 cloves garlic, peeled and chopped; 2 T vegetable oil or lard; 1/2 t each black pepper, ground cumin, cloves, cayenne; 1-1/2 lbs. pork shoulder, cooked and cut into 1-inch cubes; 2 to 3 C canned white or yellow hominy (drained and rinsed); 3 to 5 C pork broth, degreased and strained; 1 C canned chopped green chiles; 2 whole Jalapenos, canned or fresh (omit for milder recipe); salt to taste.

In a large soup pot or kettle. Sauté the onion and garlic in oil or lard until wilted and beginning to brown. Add the spices, stirring to blend. Add the pork, drained and rinsed hominy, pork broth, the green chiles and jalapenos. Cook at a simmer, covered, for 45 to 60 minutes or until the meat and hominy are tender and the chiles and onions are well amalgamated into the broth. To assure a generous amount of broth for each serving of posole, add more water or broth as needed to keep pork covered in the final minutes of stewing.

Remove posole from heat and cool slightly. Degrease the stew. Check to see if salt is needed. Reheat before serving. Ladle posole into wide soup plates and garnish (red or green salsa, finely shredded lettuce or cabbage, thinly sliced radishes, chunks of ripe avocado, chopped tomato and lime wedges). Warm flour tortillas and salsa are good accompaniments.

CMSA NEWS FLASH!!

Father Cleary of Mission Santa Inés needs advice and help ASAP concerning a city plan to locate two roads and shops in front of the mission. The new development will significantly impact the visual integrity of the mission and may damage historical and archaeological resources. An EIR is being prepared, and Father Cleary will need help in reviewing this document. Any historians or archaeologists with experience dealing with mitigating development impacts please advise Father Cleary for preserving the integrity of Mission Santa Inés. Father Cleary can be reached at (805) 688-4815. Please HELP!

NOTICE

At the board meeting on September 10, 1998, the board adopted a new dues schedule. The new rates are effective immediately:
Students . . . . .$10
Seniors. . . . . . $15
Sustaining . . . $25
Patron . . . . . . $50