HOW-TO IN SANTA CRUZ

A new manual has been compiled titled HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE SANTA CRUZ ADOBE which contains much invaluable "how-to" information on research and excavation in the Santa Cruz area. Designed both for students and for community members it is available (at a cost of $5.00) at the Archaeological Offices at Cabrillo College.

NEWSLETTER ADVISORY BOARD

Prof. Nicholas M. Magalousis
Clement W. Meighan, Ph.D.
Father Paul Martin
Rena C. Bates, Editor

ARCHAEOLOGY STUDIES AT SANTA INES

UCSB Center for Archaeological Studies has just completed a six week excavation at Santa Inés Mission under the direction of Julia G. Costello. The Mission is planning to build a new parish hall over the remains of 12 rooms of the front wing of the original quadrangle. Construction will "float" the new building over the historic remains; direct impacts are limited to the perimeter and cross wall foundations and other necessary utility trenching. The archaeological work was confined to these construction trenches and to the exposure of specific features.

The testing phase, conducted in this same area in 1984 by Julia Costello and UCSB, recorded sequences of floors in several of the rooms, analyzed plaster samples from various construction sources, distinguished Mission period and Post-Mission period faunal remains, and proposed a difference in importance between the front and rear rows of rooms based on physical remains. The present mitigation phase will build on this earlier work.

The artifacts are now undergoing analysis and work on the final report has begun. A presentation on the findings will be made at the Gran Quivera Conference this fall in Santa Barbara.

IT''S DUES TIME AGAIN!

If you would like to remain a member of CMSA, please send your membership dues of $10.00 to: Frank Ducey, Treasurer, PO Box 102, Laguna Beach, CA 92652.

FROM THE PRESIDENT''S OFFICE: Nicholas M. Magalousis

Dear Friends:

It has indeed been a privilege and honor for me to serve as the first CMSA President for the past 2 1/2 years. The first meeting in 1984 at Mission San Juan Capistrano has blossomed in many ways but most of all with a membership from throughout California as well as other states and Mexico.

The outgoing CMSA Executive Board has laid a solid and diverse foundation so that the new board can enter with such advantages as State and Federal tax deductible status for the Association. In addition, a newsletter, yearly conferences and meetings afford statewide communication.

I encourage the membership to become fully active in the development of CMSA. Guard the Association, holding whoever is in administrative authority to the initial goals we set out: cooperation in the area of Spanish period studies. The birth of CMSA is unique and the Association needs to be developed for the betterment of historic resources throughout California.

Again, it has been my pleasure to have assisted in the initial development of CMSA. Best Wishes for the future.

IN THE UPCOMING ISSUES OF THE CMSA NEWSLETTER

--Study the acculturation of the Native American in the Spanish Missions.
--Understand the controversy surrounding Mission Santa Inés
--Read about Spanish colonial research within the framework of the World Systems theory.
Plus more book and article reviews!

1987 CMSA CONFERENCE

Congratulations CMSA members. This will be our fourth statewide conference.

Santa Clara University will host the 1987 CMSA conference on the weekend of January 30, 31, and February 1. Tentatively planned are a keynote address on Friday evening (1/30), papers, workshops, and banquet on Saturday (1/31), with tours of the Santa Clara Mission sites and other local historic sites on Friday afternoon and Sunday. Mass will be celebrated in the "enlarged replica" of the fifth mission church. This church is built on the location of the fifth church which was destroyed by fire in 1926.

Also planned is a reception for conference participants to be held in the Adobe Lodge, the only existing structure of the Santa Clara Mission.

Those interested in attending should mark these dates on their calendar.

Those interested in presenting papers, organizing workshops or otherwise contributing should contact David Huelsbeck at the number noted below (note that the phone number in the directory has changed).

Secretary: (408) 554-2794
Dave Huelsbeck: (408) 554-4514

BOOK REVIEWS

The views expressed by the various authors are not necessarily those held by the CMSA Editorial Board. The articles, for the most part, have been published as submitted with only minimal editing.

One of our members, Linda Lyngheim has written two books for children relating to the missions. THE INDIANS AND THE CALIFORNIA MISSIONS covers the discovery of California by Spaniards; the mission community: work, building, trades, agriculture, music, art, recreation, cooking, and daily life; individual chapters on each mission including history and present-day. FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA, THE TRAVELING MISSIONARY traces his life from childhood, through his missionary adventures and achievements in Mexico and California. Both range in interest from third to sixth grade. THE INDIANS AND THE CALIFORNIA MISSIONS is priced at $9.95 paperback or $13.95 hardback, while FATHER SERRA THE TRAVELING MISSIONARY costs $12.95 in hardback. They are both available from Langtry Publications, 7838-M Burnet Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 51405-1051. Members should send check for the price + 6% sales tax and $1.00 postage.

JOSE VELASQUEZ: SAGA OF A BORDERLAND SOLDIER , by Ronald Ives. Tucson, Arizona, Southwest Mission Research Center. Ilus., index. 248 pp. Softcover. Velasquez, born in Ostimuri (Sonora), arrived at Loreto in 1751, enlisting as a "leather-jacket" soldier. Promoted to alferez, he was assigned to command at San Fernando de Velicatá in 1773. Transferred to San Diego in 1780, he was to spend the rest of his life in California, dying in 1785 from blood poisoning. During his service he led many exploratory expeditions into the interior, writing very good reports of his trips. The late Ron Ives was a careful researcher, making many trips into these regions to trace out Velasquez's route, and has produced a worthy book that will stand as his memorial.

LOST ADOBE GLASS ANALYSIS

After four years of field excavations at the Lost Adobe site near the Santa Cruz Mission, the huge task of sorting and classifying the artifacts continues. Archaeologist Larry Bourdeau of Pacific Museum Consultants has undertaken the study of the 8,940 fragments glass found during the sifting of 39 cubic meters of dirt.

Although the disturbance of the earth around the Lost Adobe has made any clear cut association of glass fragments with datable cultural features impossible, Bourdeau has been able to sort the glass fragments into four periods of occupation. These are the Spanish Mission Era (ca 1791-1820), the Mexican Post-Mission Era (ca 1821-1849), Early American Statehood (ca 1850-1902), and the Contemporary Twentieth Century (ca. 1903-present).

Some of the earliest fragments are the most fascinating. These consist of pieces of imported European black glass ale bottles and green wine and champagne bottles. In addition, a few fragments of blue and white "latticinio" patterned glass were found, which may provide a tie to similar glass from the Catalan Province Spain. Bourdeau speculates that these "latticinio" pieces may be the remains of a vase or bowl, which would have been brought to the Santa Cruz Mission from Spain via Mexico.

Several fragments that may also be associated with the Spanish Mission Era show evidence of bifacial edge modification, indicating that they may have been modified for some purpose, perhaps for use as tools by the mission's neophytes.

MATERIAL CULTURE COMMITTEE by Robert L. Hoover

The large membership of the Material Culture Committee is a reflection of the diverse interests of its members. New data is being added every year from current excavations at Mission San Juan Capistrano, Santa Inés, San Antonio, Soledad, and Santa Clara. One of the greatest problems of material culture is the standardization of terms and categories, so that materials from one site can be compared with materials from other sites. Comparability allows researchers to view all of Hispanic California (and other areas) as a cultural process rather than as a number of unrelated sites. Thus, we need not try to add apples and oranges and can see the entire forest as well as individual trees.

One of the most exciting attempts at standardization has been begun by Paul Farnsworth of the Mission Soledad project. Using eight basic artifact groups (kitchen, architecture, furniture, arms, clothing, personal, tobacco pipe, and activities) developed by Stanley South during his work on British colonial sites in the Southeast, Paul has modified the artifact classes for Hispanic sites. The resulting artifact pattern analysis emphasizes comparisons on both the group and class levels. Paul has compared the results of research at La Purísima, San Antonio and Soledad Missions with interesting results, as some of you heard at the January SHA meetings in Sacramento. I suggest that if all researchers summarize their date in this way, general patterns of differences and similarities will appear. The next stop might be to urge faunal analysts to standardize their analyses. Both systems should be flexible enough to accommodate researchers from California to Haiti.

GUIDE DOG GRAD DIGS UP THE PAST
(Guide Dog News, Spring 1986)

Mariella (Molly) Dibble of Coos Bay, Oregon, didn't let the grass grow under her feet this past summer. A Guide Dog graduate of Class #400, Molly, her Golden Retriever Guide Dog "Sprout" and her husband Bob, spent the summer digging. The site of their digging wasn't the backyard. It was the Mission San Antonio de Padua in the San Diego County desert. [sic]

The archaeological dig was part of a six week field course offered through the California Polytechnic University at San Luis Obispo. The task of Molly and her 14 classmates was to complete the work of previous student groups who had discovered and unearthed the area where the Mission's vineyard keeper lived.

Says Molly, "California missions have been a lure for my husband and me for many years. We have visited most of them. We have photographed them inside and out."

Experiencing an actual dig was the logical extension of Molly's interest. She has spent many hours studying the history of the Mission period by reading the diaries and logs of the friars and military men who lived during that time.

Molly, Bob and Sprout lived at the Mission during the field course. Sprout's job was to lead Molly to lectures, laboratory rooms, the dining hall and sleeping quarters. Work began at 5:30 a.m. every day. Because of the warm temperatures and abundance of foxtails and burrs, Sprout did not frequent the dig site. She did make a friend, however -- the Mission's dog.

At the excavation site bits of stone, wood, tiles, metal, glass, pottery, bones and ash helped to piece together life at the Mission more than 175 years ago. The finds were uncovered by sifting carefully through buckets of sand and adobe. The artifacts were placed in plastic bags marked with the exact location of where each object had been found.

Later, at the lab, the various finds were cleansed and resorted. The most important of them will eventually be placed in the Mission's museum or archives while the rest will be stored for future study.

As she touched these pieces of lives lived long ago, Molly says that she felt she was touching hands with the people who lived in those times. As for Sprout, Molly reports that upon completion of the course Sprout was awarded a big box of dog biscuits from Dr. Robert Hoover, Chairman of the University's Department of Social Sciences.

CONVENT OF GUADALUPE NEEDS YOU!

WE NEED YOUR HELP: DUE TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN MEXICO, THE CONVENT OF GUADALUPE IN ZACATECAS AND ITS GREAT ART COLLECTION IS IN DANGER OF SEVERE DETERIORATION.

The Franciscan Convent of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe in Zacatecas was founded by Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus in 1704 to serve as the base for the establishment and staffing of missions in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and, later, California. It is from this convent that the Zacatecan friars who occupied the California missions after Mexican Independence came, and it was from Guadalupe that the first bishop of the Californias, Fray Francisco Garcia Diego, began his march to the north.

The Convent is presently a public museum maintained by the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). The exquisite and immense eighteenth century convent and chapels house one of the greatest collections of Mexican colonial art in the world. Among the over 300 paintings are to be found works by such great artists as Villalpando, Cabrera and Juarez, donated by wealthy citizens during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Because of the current economic crisis in Mexico, projects of restoration and maintanance of the convent and its furnishings and paintings have been seriously curtailed. The Bancroft Library of the University of California has recently initiated the microfilming and cataloging of the rich historical archive of Zacatecas, dating from the mid-sixteenth century, housed in the convent. This project will aid in the preservation of these important sources; however, help is needed to finance conservation and restoration of the buildings, paintings, and other furnishings.

The Commission of the Californias, in its general assembly in San Francisco on 14 June 1986, unanimously gave its support to the raising of funds to aid in these projects. Due to the favorable rate of exchange, were each member of interested historical societies, such as CMSA, to contribute $1.00 to the Guadalupe Restoration Fund, sufficient monies to carry out these much needed projects could be obtained.

For further information contact: Dr. W. Michael Mathes, Historian/Archivist
Commission of the Californias, P.O. Box 1227, Sonoma, California 95476

A THRIVING MUSEUM AT MISSION SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO

A visit to the Mission San Juan Capistrano Museum is a must!!! The museum staff has been busy expanding museum programs and remodeling museum facilities to better serve as an educational center.

To enhance the Museum as a teaching facility, the Lecture and Media Room was remodeled. A striking mural depicting scenes from the 1700's into the future brings the room alive providing an effective backdrop for the audio and video facility. This room has been used for University classes, as a press area for the Swallow Day celebration, and most recently for the Orange County Museum Directors meeting. The museum currently offers an Academic Lecture series on the 2nd Saturday of each month at 10:00 am. Please cal1 the Museum for reservations (714) 496-4720.

A Laboratory provides an archive and an examination area for the extensive collection of photos maintained at the Museum. The photo collection includes all Archaeological work since 1979 and the Davis Collection. The Davis collection is approximately 100 photos recently donated by Nancy Wilson. These photos depict Indian life around the turn of this century. The rigors of every day life in the late 1800's and early 1900's are evident as one views the Indian woman at work grinding corn or weaving a basket .

A new program both educational and fun for all has begun on the Mission grounds the last Saturday of each month. The Living History group camps in the central quadrangle, dressed in period costume. They provide a glimpse into real life during the early days at the Mission. Walk up and talk to the participants, and they will converse with you in character.

EVENTS AT LA PURISIMA MISSION

Living History Tour ~ Saturday, August 9 at 1:00 p.m, 1:15 p.m and 1:30 p.m This is the newest special event, performed by members of Prelado de los Tesoros assuming the roles of Mission inhabitants circa 1820. Tours begin at the Visitor Center and are guided by docents along a special route designed to encounter Mission residents pursuing routine daily activities.

Candlelight Tours ~ Friday, Oct. 10 & Saturday Oct. 11 This year, there will be 4 groups of 12 visitors each evening to be escorted on an "eavesdropping" tour of Mission residents at their typical evening activities, followed by a light supper at La Sala. Prelado is the principal fundraiser for restoration projects at La Purísima. Tickets are $20 donation per person, limited to 48 per evening. Reservations accepted after April 1, 1986 by nonrefundable prepayment only. Make checks and money orders payable to Prelado de los Tesoros.

Founding Celebration ~ Monday, December 8 at 7:00 p.m. A musical program in the Church, followed by refreshments in La Sala. Our "Evening of Luminarias" will require more than 300 luminaries, 150 candles, and extensive decoration of the Church and Residence Building in order to celebrate the 199th anniversary of the founding of Mission La Purísima Conception. Presented by Prelado in celebration of the Mission's "birthday." No admission fees are charged for this event.

For further information, contact: Prelado de los Tesoros, La Purísima Mission S.H.P.
RFD Box 102, Purísima Road, Lompoc, CA 93436 ~ Tel. (805) 733-3713

SANTA ROSA'S LINK TO THE PAST by Allen S. Greenberg

One of the most urgent tasks facing Californians interested in preserving our Spanish/Mexican heritage is the protection and restoration of the Carrillo Adobe in Santa Rosa, Sonoma County.

The oldest structure in Santa Rosa, dating from the 1830's (?), the adobe was the home of Doña María Carrillo, mother-in-law of General Mariano Vallejo, last Commandante of the California Frontier. That is, she was the mother of Benicia Carrillo Vallejo, namesake of our state's early capital on San Pablo Bay.

Doña María was proprietress of the Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa, on which most of the present city now stands. The remains of this noble lady are entombed in the church of Mission San Francisco Solano in Sonoma.

The ranch house was a rallying point for participants in the Bear Flag Revolt, who would sieze the Sonoma garrison and accept the surrender of General Vallejo. In the latter half of the 19th century, the old adobe would serve as a post office and general store, and a meeting place for the growing populace.

Now only ruins remain of this landmark. Decades of neglect and vandalism have worn it down to its present mud-pile state. It stands, or rather, sits, in a disused walnut grove at Franquette Avenue and Montgomery Drive, next to Santa Rosa Creek on the same property as St. Eugene's Cathedral.

Some civic grumbling 15 -20 years ago brought about the construction of a cyclone fence and a wooden roof supported by narrow stilts intended to slow the further deterioration of Santa Rosa's only link to its pre-U.S. past. Less than 10 years later, the roof fell in.

So there it all lies--wrecked roof on top of rubble--a testimony to apathy or the deliberate choice to ignore what could be so very valuable to a California community made up of people from all racial, national, and religious backgrounds--the history and archaeology which are keys to understanding our multi- and cross-cultural origins.

The Carrillo Adobe was an important outpost on the line of furthest advance of Spanish/Mexican settlement in Alta California. Though unimposing in appearance, it served a pivotal function in its day. It could serve in the future as well, as a symbol of a city and a state committed to the kind of rich life only a knowledge of our common history can provide.

I'm interested in hearing from anyone with additional information or suggestions on what steps might be taken towards the goal of preserving what's left, and restoring this very important vestige of California's history.

READ UP ON THE RESTORATION OF MISSION SAN LUIS REY

Dr. Patricia A. Lowry, Associate Professor, University of San Diego, is currently preparing an article on the restoration of Mission San Luis Rey, in Oceanside, California. Several articles are in the planning stages. The first article will cover the period from 1892-1920.

Dr. Lowry in a member of the Restoration Committee of the Mission San Luis Rey which endeavors to raise funds for the continuing restoration process through an annual Mission Heritage Ball given each year in September.

A BIT OF HISPANIC/RUSSIAN HOBNOBBING by Richard H. Gatchel, Ph.D.

No informed observer would question the reality of religious pluralism in present day California. Less well known, but equally remarkable, is the variety of religious suasion that characterized California society in the early nineteenth century. A dramatic instance of one small part of that early religious collage issues from the story that unfolded in the last and northernmost of the California Franciscan Missions, namely Mission San Francisco Solano at Sonoma.

Oh April 4, 1824, with the fiery Fray Jose Altimira at the helm, mass was celebrated for the first time in the newly constructed Sonoma church. Gifts from other missions had-arrived in time for the dedicatory service and graced the walls, chancel, and altar of the whitewashed board sanctuary. (1) But there was something unusual about the array of contributions. A number of them holy pictures, candlesticks, and even the vestments worn by the celebrant bore the distinctive markings not of Hispanic but of eastern European Christian tradition. These gifts were from the Russians, who had established themselves over a decade earlier on the Pacific Coast, some forty miles west of Sonoma at Bodega Bay and, twenty miles further up the coast at Fort Rosa. (2)

This congenial, if short-lived, hobnobbing of Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox in California is the more remarkable if one considers the long and often torturous routes that brought the two together. For the Catholics, of course, the way had led west from Spain over the Atlantic, farther west across Mexico, and finally north from Baja into Alta California. For the Russian Orthodox, beginning in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kiev, the path lay east, first on foot, horseback, or sled through seven thousand miles of frozen Siberian wilderness, then by boat (their early craft could hardly be called ships) via the Aleutians to Alaska, and finally southeast down the Pacific Coast to California. I recall a marvelous old church historian, Professor Clifford Drury, commenting on the event one morning in class. His remarks ran somewhat as follows: "Think of it, ladies and gentlemen (actually there was only one female in the class back in the late '40s); it took the institutional church eighteen centuries to encircle the earth, and when it happened, it happened right here in our native state of California! Surely the achievement deserves more attention than driving of the golden spike at Promontory Point in the state of Utah!"

It must be noted that contact between Russian Orthodox and Catholic in California did not begin with the 1824 dedicatory services in Sonoa. There is the familiar story of the beautiful, if ill-fated politico-romantic relationship between Nikolai Petrovich Resanov and María de la Concepción Arguello back in 1806 at the Old San Francisco Presidio. (3) Nor was the Sonoma/Fort Ross episode the last of the genial encounters, as witness Father Ioann Veniaminov's enthusiastic visits with the Fransican padres at Missions San Rafael, San Jose and Santa Clara in 1836. (4)

The instances, above, are but a miniscule part of California's early nineteenth century religious landscape and, even then, only of its Christian segment. A more comprehensive view of the scene would have to include the variety of animistic traditions evidenced in the state's Indian communities.

Tragically the historical record is not one of mutual respect and appreciation between the Christian and animistic societies but, rather, of insistent, often coercive proselytizing by the former and of submission or rebellion by the latter. While the evidence against the Russians appears to be significantly less damning than that against their Hispanic counterparts, the record nonetheless remains one paternalistic, unapologetic, and frequently ruthless exploitation of the weaker by the stronger. Nothing new, of course, but more on this another time.

Footnotes

I. Smilie, Robert S., THE SONOMA MISSION, p.20.
2. Cf. Altimira, Fr. Jose, Informe, dated 31 Dec., 1824 (Santa Barbara Mission Archives.)
3. For one of the finest renderings of the story, see Hector Chevigny's LOST EMPIRE: THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF NIKOLAI PETROVICH REZANOV.
4. Schanzer, George O., "A Russian Visit to the Spanish Franciscans in California, 1836 THE AMERICAS Vol. IX, No. 4, April, 53. Fr. Veniaminov was later to become a bishop and, ultimately Metropolitan of Moscow.

SPEECH PUBLISHED

"The Westerners" of San Francisco have published one of Richard H. Dillon's speeches. The speech entitled "The Later Days of the California Missions" has been published in a 13 page pamphlet. Copies are available at $2.50 each. Orders can be placed with Robert Hawley, Rose Valley Book Co., 1407 Solano Avenue, Albany, CA 95706, ~ Telephone (415) 526-6400.

STATE HISTORY SUCCUMBING TO RAIN AND MILDEW
(Associated Press)

SACRAMENTO -- The state archives--10 million irreplaceable historic documents housed in a leaky former printing plant--are being destroyed by rain, mildew and pigeons, officials say.

"The California State Archives building is a disaster waiting to happen," said Secretary of State March Fong Eu, who oversees the archives program. "The current archives building is totally unsuited for storing the state's historical records."

The three-story building lacks a fire sprinkler system, temperature or humidity controls, and it has taken its toll on the documents, some of which date back to Spanish rule.

An unexamined collection of ledgers, maps, journals, deeds, registers, photographs and other legal and political documents are stored in boxes. But that isn't enough to protect them from the elements.

Pigeons that have brought repeated insect infestation to the archives are kept from nesting in the air vents by a length of wire mesh suspended over a lightwell.

The top two floors of the building do not have a fire sprinkler system. Big sheets of plastic cover several rows of documents on the top floor in an effort to keep the rain out.

"The most damaging thing to the paper is the temperature fluctuation," said John Burns, the state's chief of archives, adding that a constant temperature of 65 degrees is needed.

The archives now have an average temperature between 40 and 90 degrees.

CALIFORNIA MISSION RESTORATION by Walt Wheelock

After the War of Independence, the Mexican government became quite anti-clerical and repressive in their attitude. The clergy were not even allowed to appear on the street wearing clerical garb. But apparently there has been a great change and the government is now realizing their great treasure in Mission churches. In 1973 the Secretaria de la Presidencia sent a survey team to Baja California to locate Mission Churches worthy of restoration/rehabilitation. I was fortunate anough to meet with the chief while visiting Mission San Javier.

Ten churches had been selected for this work, to be undertaken under INAH (National Institute of Anthropology and History), assisted by the local diocese. Then churches were chosen and much work has been done. They are:

LORETA [sic] (1697-1822) While this church was destroyed in an earthquake in 1877, it was restored and over the years additional work has been done. A priest is in residence. INAH maintains a museum next door.

SAN JAVIER (1699-1817) This jewel of a mission had always been well maintained and is serviced by the priest from Loreta.

LIGUI (1705-1721) has no standing ruins, but recently a tile floor has been uncovered and an interpretive center constructed.

MULEGE (1705-1828) Standing across the arroyo from the village of Mulege, this stone church has been completely restored and serves the local parish.

SAN JOSE COMONDU (1708-1827) The long-standing ruins were demolished several years ago and the stones used to build a local school on the site. An adjoining priest's house has been reconstructed to serve as a local chapel and bears signs labeling it as La Mision de Comundu. No priest in residence.

SAN IGNACIO (1728-1840) The original Jesuit adobe church as replaced with a stone structure by the Dominicans and has always been fairly well maintained. The handsome building stands on the plaza. Resident priest.

SAN LUIS GONZAGA (1737-1768) This lonesome church stands on a ranch, which has been owned by the Toba family since the colonial times. The family have maintained the building and constructed a brick store adjoining it. Service only by a visiting priest, usually on its Saint's Day.

SANTA GERTRUDIS (1752-1822) This adobe church has suffered through the years and its bells stolen. Some stabilization has been done, and two families living at the site afford some protection.

SAN BORJA (1762-1818) Another isolated adobe structure that has somewhat survived. Work was scheduled and a local contractor moved with equipment and started to clean up the site. Fortunately, Arturo Oliveros of INAH arrived at that time and stopped this sacrilege. Some stabilization work has been done. Services on rare occasions.

The tenth church selected was never a mission church, being the A. G. Eifel designed pre-fab sheet metal structure at SANTA ROSALIA. It has been refurbished with fresh paint and neon lighting and is an active parish church.

Three churches, SAN JOSE DEL CABO (1730-1840), LA PAZ (1720-1749) AND TODOS SANTOS (1734-1854) have been replaced by modern structures somewhere near their original site. At Todos Santos a small chapel has been built on the first site.

At SAN MIGUEL (1797-1834) and at SAN VICENTE (1780-1833) ramadas have been constructed to protect the adobe ruins, and at San Vicente a start was made to establish an interpretive center but never completed.

REFERENCES:
Robertson, Tomas. BAJA CALIFORNIA AND ITS MISSIONS. Glendale: La Siesta Press, 1978.
Wheelock, Walt and Howard Gulick. BAJA CALIFORNIA GUIDEBOOK. Glendale: Arthur H. Co., 1980.

CHAPMAN COLLEGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH

The Archaeological Research Project based at Mission San Juan Capistrano is proud to announce the publication of three new papers:

"Zooarchaeology," edited by N. M. Magalousis

"Ongoing Search," by N. M. Magalousis and Dolores Schiffert

"Excavation of the Sanctuary Floor of the Great Stone Church," by Dolores Schiffert, edited by N. M. Magalousis.

"Ongoing Search" discusses some of the major features discovered during seven seasons at MSJC. Major points of interest are the Wine Vats, Metal Furnace, Smithy Area and the Crypts in the Stone Church.

Two wine vats have been uncovered and the discovery of a a tile wall may lead to the disclosure of a third wine vat during the 1986 season.

The metal furnace area was reinterpreted through comparative analysis, literature and technology. The area next to the Metal Furnace was excavated and indicates there were 3 component parts to the Smithy area: 1) furnaces, 2) storage area, 3) blacksmith shop. In 1985, research was conducted within the sanctuary of the stone church and burial crypts were discovered.

"Excavation of the Sanctuary Floor of the Great Stone Church." This publication discusses the excavation of two burial crypts in the sanctuary of the old stone church. The excavation laid bare a sandstone floor. The floor was deteriorated and showed signs of a previous disturbance. The entire damaged floor area was uncovered to reveal the crypt covers. If permission from the Diocese is obtained, excavation will continue in this area in 1986.

"Zooarchaeology." This publication discusses the potential of MSJC for rendering of faunal artifacts to understand the human activity at the site.

The 1979 field season recovered 178 vertebrate specimens of fish, rabbits, cows, chickens, sheep, horses and barracuda. The barracuda indicates the possibility of near shore fishing as part of the mission economy. The history of California can be expanded in the area of animal use. As more vertebrate specimens are recovered and studies, these gaps can be filled by considering the anthropology of colonial animal use.

These publications are available for purchase for $10.00. Contact: N. M. Magalousis, Dept. of Anthropology, Chapman College, Orange, CA 92666

SOLDADOS DE CUERA by Joseph Adamo
[Since this is one of our already archived articles, just click on the title.]

CONVENTIONAL PHOTOGRAPY VS. VIDEOTAPE RECORDING:
A GUIDE FOR MISSION PERSONNEL

This will be Part One in a series on recording and preserving images of mission life. While there are a number of technical publications written for professional curators and museum archivists, it is apparent that much of the day-to-day operations of missions is being done by a group of dedicated volunteers, docents, and helpers working on a part-time basis. The series will focus on the needs of this portion of the membership of the California Mission Studies Association and offer guidelines for preserving historic photographic images of mission life.

This first article will consider the growing trend towards recording events on videotape rather than conventional motion picture film. Traditional photography is being replaced with the use of magnetically-recorded material. It is obviously more convenient, since instantaneous results are obtained without the delay of film processing.

Whether videotaping is superior to conventional film is another question that should be addressed. In the January 1986 issue of POPULAR PHOTOGRAPHY MAGAZINE, John Feliks voiced a number of concerns that should be of interest to us. He pointed out that any magnetic field, regardless of its relative size, could lead to image erasure. Therefore, a safer course of action for recording events in the life of the mission is to first record them on conventional motion picture film and then make video duplicates of the original film. Moreover, Feliks noted that videotape is good only for approximately fifteen passes through a video player before wear begins to show on the visual image.

By contrast, conventional motion picture film can be used hundreds of times and retain its quality. Companies such as Eastman Kodak have decades of research and experience upon which to base their guidelines for the proper storage of motion picture film. The newness of videotaping technology precludes a similar body of knowledge becoming available.

The motion picture camera itself is quite simple when compared to the complexity of the video recording camera. Service and repair of electronic equipment is also much more expensive when compared with the reliability and durability of the motion picture film camera. It is true that the per minute cost of recording seems to favor videotape. However, there are other overhead costs which should be accounted for, and the differences may not be as significant in the long run.

If image quality is to be a consideration, then the balance tips in favor of conventional film. Feliks pointed out that video originated images have a dull spiritless appearance when compared with the warmer images yielded by motion picture film. Again, the recommendation would be to record the event or scene on film for the master copy, and then transfer to videotape as many copies as required for public viewing.

Conventional wisdom indicates that those persons wishing to assist in the preservation of recorded images of mission scenes and events for future generations to view, should select from the best of available technologies. An over-reliance on what may be new and innovative, but without the track record of time, should be avoided.

LIBRARY RECEIVES FEDERAL GRANT by Daniel Smith
(Capistrano Valley News)

More than 200 hundred years ago, the seeds of what would become Orange County were first sewn at Mission San Juan Capistrano. This month Uncle Sam has seen fit to fertilize those seeds with the county's first ever grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Thanks to a proposal written by its head librarian, Emily Jackson, the San Juan Regional Library will be the recipient of a $95,127 grant to fund Early California Reflections, a multi-media program describing the lives of the state's early residents.

"Emily has put together an excellent package, covering all the bases," commented Nick Magalousis, director of the Mission museum and one of six distinguished scholars who will give lectures during the two month program this fall.

"The Mission had been such a good neighbor (to the library) that we thought it would be nice to do something that would involve them." Jackson related the process that began when Elizabeth Martinez Smith, head librarian for the county, asked her to write a grant proposal.

Although Magalousis' lecture and early artifacts to be included in the program's exhibition will concern Mission San Juan, the actual emphasis of the program is on the daily life of the average early Californian.

"There's a much greater interest now than there was in the past in what you might call social history," observed art historian Norman Neuerberg, concurring with Magalousis' contention that historians have done about all they can with the big man in history.

"Very few people had large tracts of land. Most of them were laborers or farm workers," added Jackson of the program's populist theme, which she credited Neuerberg with developing.

In addition to the interpretive exhibit beng created by Neuerberg and the lecture series schedules by Magalousis, the program will include an ethnomusicolgy presentation by composer Elisabeth Waldo.

The latter event will highlight the opening of the program Aug. 30 in the courtyard of the library, 31495 El Camino Real. It will include performances of musical styles from the three main cultures inhabiting the state during the 16,000 years preceding the local drought of the 1860s: Indian, Spanish, and Mexican.

Neuerberg, who is collecting many artifacts never before exhibited for the multi-cultural exhibit, said the program will emphasize how (cultures) are able to accomplish something when they come together, rather than what is ruined.

The historian cited objects made by Indians for the Spanish missionaries as one such accomplishment, noting that many of these objects had long been in storage at the Mission or in museums and private collections and nobody paid much attention to them.

Jackson said that the attention paid to the unique architecture of San Juan Library was one reason Smith requested she apply for the grant, explaining she felt that because the building has such notoriety, any program conducted here would receive more publicity.

CMSA FINANCIAL STATUS SUMMARY compiled by Frank Ducey

Presented 4/19/86 to the CMSA Board of Directors at Mission La Purísima meeting.

As of April 5, 1986, the California Mission Studies Association (CMSA) has a cumulative income amounting to $9,375.82. This income includes membership dues, donations and receipts from the two annual meetings at Mission San Jose in 1985 and at the Ventura meeting in 1986.

During this period (12/31/86 to 4/5/86) expenses incurred as checks drawn from the CMSA Bank of America account totaled $6,106.91. These represent costs for the CMSA Directory, newsletter, and other mailings (materials, labor, printing, reproduction, computer expenses and postage), speakers, entertainment and catering at the annual meetings, CMSA archive supplies and a donation to the San Diego County Archaeological Society for the San Diego Mission Legal Fund.

The net balance is $3.268.91.

CURRENT RESEARCH: MISSION SANTA CLARA CHURCH

During 1985, Santa Clara University sponsored archaeological investigations at the third site of the Mission Santa Clara church (1781-1818) under the direction of David R. Huelsbeck. The goal of the project was to determine the exact locations of the mission structures underneath the present residential neighborhood. The investigative techniques utilized included ground penetrating radar, a door-to-door survey of the neighborhood, and the more standard auger transects and test excavations.

The project was a success; the foundations of the mission quadrangle buildings were located! The neighborhood survey yielded three houses where mission foundations were exposed in earth cellars. Auger transects determined the probably location and extent of foundations and test excavations verified these locations.

During 1986, we hope to locate additional mission structures and to investigate the apparently unrecorded mid-19th century occupation of the site.

SANTA INES: THE PARISH HALL VS. THE OLD MISSION?
(The Santa Maria Times)

Solvang ~ Santa Inés Mission Curator Bill Warwick likes to compare building a parish hall on the mission to rebuilding a house that has been partially destroyed.

"The ruins that are here belong to us. What we're doing is not any different from what a homeowner does after a fire: He rebuilds. So basically we're rebuilding our house; just putting back what was there originally," Warwick said in an interview recently.

But adding on to a building where a historical mission was located 182 years before cannot be done quickly with a building permit and nails.

Because the county believes artifacts found on the land where the parish hall would be built are worth excavating and studying, it may be several months before construction of the building can begin, said county Environmental Planner and Staff Archaeologist David Stone.

Warwick believes that any artifacts that might be there are not worth studying. "The mission only had 45 years of actual use. That's not enough time for many artifacts to be accumulated. That's a short amount of time. Heck, I'm older than that and nobody goes to the place where I was born to look for artifacts," he said.

He said numerous compromises have been made in order to build an addition, which could hold 500 people in the meeting hall, and he believes they have all been on the mission's part.

"If it wasn't for the archaeologists, everything would be done by now. It's like you do in any negotiation; we compromised in order to get the permit. That's one of the bones of contention. We've all made the compromises."

"In the beginning we gave permission for them to study the ruins that are there under the ground. After the independent study then the Resource Management Department decided they didn't want us to scrape the ground and build there, so we agreed to revise our plans, which was a major concession because we had to redesign the entire building. Then they still wanted further study," Warwick said.

Warwick said the mission has all the documents regarding what was once located on the land and does not believe the church should spend the estimated $73,500 cost for archaeological and historical architectural studies on the chance that something more might be found.

"No one is better qualified to know what the land was used for or what was there than the church that built it. What was there, if left to the state, wouldn't be here anymore. The proof is what's standing here," he said.

"They're always hoping they can find one little thing that was never here before. We feel we've cooperated with them. We're spending a considerable amount of money to satisfy their curiosity," Warwick said.

"It's the kind of thing where you can't do what you want to do. They more or less tell you what you have to do,"Warwick said.